<p>The Bartang river is a river of Central Asia, tributary to the Panj river and consequently to the Amu-Darya. In its upper reaches, it is known as the Murghab River and Aksu River; it flows in the Wakhan in Afghanistan, then in the Roshan District of the Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river rises in Chaqmaqtin Lake in the Little Pamir in the Wakhan, where it is known as the Aksu ("white water"). It then flows east and crosses into Tajikistan, then turns north to the city of Murghab passing the village of Shaimak.</p><br>
<p>Below Murghab the river is called the Murghab River (Мурғоб, meaning Bird River, also spelled as Murghob, Murgob, or Murgab (from Мургаб)). A few miles below Murghab is Sarez Lake, formed by a landslide during the 1911 Sarez earthquake, which created the world&#39;s highest natural dam, Usoi Dam.</p><br>
<p>The river is joined by the Ghudara river just below Sarez Lake. From the junction the river is known as the Bartang. The Bartang traces a route down the western Pamir Mountains, flowing 132 km before becoming a tributary to the Panj River at the border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Much of the river lies within the boundaries of Tajik National Park. The Bartang is fed mostly by glacier and snow melt. It is the only river to cross Gorno-Badakhshan from east to west.</p><br>
<p>The Bartang enters the Panj River just upstream from the town of Rushon.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Bartang means narrow passage. Before the 20th century travel required fords, ladders and platforms set into the sides of cliffs. There were three paths, one along the river, usable only in autumn when the water was low, the second along the cliffs and the third, much longer, where pack animals could be led along the mountain ridges. The modern road can become impassable beyond Basid due to rockslides. Above Basid is the large village of Roshov. Above that the Ghudara River and the Murghab Rivers join to form the Bartang. The road follows the Ghudata northeast to its junction with the Tanimas which leads west to the Fedchenko Glacier. A road of sorts continues east to lake Karakul.</p><br>
<p>The Murghab is generally not passable except as an adventure. There is a dirt road for the last 37 km to Murghab town. Above Murghab a jeep road, of decreasing quality, follows the river southeast to Tokhtamish and Shaimak.</p><br>
<h2>Sarez Lake</h2><br>
<p>On February 18, 1911, the 1911 Sarez earthquake, estimated at 7.4 on the Richter magnitude scale, caused a large landslide which completely blocked the flow of the Murghab and buried a local village. The landslide, estimated at two cubic kilometers of rock, formed a natural dam called the Usoi Dam. Over the following months the Murghab filled the space behind the Usoi to form Sarez Lake, which now fills about 60 kilometers in length of the Murghab river valley and contains 17 cubic kilometers of water. Geologists believe that the dam may be unstable and could collapse during a future strong earthquake.</p><br>
<p>Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park is located about 100 kilometres southeast of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, or 44 kilometres east of the community of Milk River, and straddles the Milk River itself. It is one of the largest areas of protected prairie in the Alberta park system, and serves as both a nature preserve and protection for a large number of aboriginal rock carvings and paintings. The park is important and sacred to the Blackfoot and many other aboriginal tribes. The park has been nominated by Parks Canada and the Government of Canada as a World Heritage Site. Its UNESCO application was filed under the name Áísínai’pi which is Niitsítapi  meaning "it is pictured / written". The provincial park is synonymous with the Áísínai’pi National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Resources</h2><br>
<p>Writing-on-Stone Park contains the greatest concentration of rock art on the North American Great Plains. There are over 50 petroglyph sites and thousands of works. The park also showcases a North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) outpost reconstructed on its original site. It was rebuilt since the original outpost was burned down by persons unknown.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The park comprises 17.80 square kilometres (4400 acres) of coulee and prairie habitat, and boasts a diverse variety of birds and animals.</p><br>
<p>Bird species include prairie falcon, great horned owl, short-eared owl, American kestrel, cliff swallow and the introduced ring-necked pheasant and grey partridge.</p><br>
<p>The prairie surrounding the park is a habitat for pronghorn antelope, and other species inhabiting the park include mule deer, northern pocket gophers, skunks, raccoons, yellow-bellied marmots, and bobcat. Tiger salamanders, boreal chorus frogs and leopard frogs, and plains spadefoot toads represent the amphibians, and garter snakes, bull snakes and prairie rattlesnakes can be found.</p><br>
<p>The coulee environment is optimal for tree species such as balsam poplar and narrow leaf cottonwood. Peachleaf willow and plains cottonwood are also found here. A large number of shrubs grow here, including chokecherry, juniper, saskatoon, sandbar willow, and two varieties of wild rose. Some of the most northern species of cactus, including Opuntia (prickly pear) and Pediocactus (pincushion) are found in the park as well.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>The location where the park now sits was, 85 million years ago, the coastal shelf of a large inland sea. Sand deposited in the Late Cretaceous Period compacted over time and became sandstone. With the melting of the ice sheets at the end of the last Ice Age, water, ice and wind eroded the sandstone to produce the hoodoos and cliffs that are part of the park today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There is evidence that the Milk River Valley was inhabited by native people as long ago as 9000 years. Native tribes such as the Blackfoot probably created much of the rock carvings (petroglyphs) and paintings (pictographs). Other native groups such as the Shoshone also travelled through the valley and may have also created some of the art. These carvings and paintings tell not only of the lives and journeys of those who created them, but also of the spirits they found here. The towering cliffs and hoodoos had a powerful impact on the native visitors, who believed these were the homes of powerful spirits. The shelter of the coulees and the abundance of game and berries made the area that is now the park an excellent location for these nomadic people to stop on their seasonal migrations. While the greatest use of the area was made by those in transit, there is some evidence, including tipi rings and a medicine wheel, that there was some permanent settlement here.</p><br>
<p>Beginning about 1730, large numbers of horses, metal goods, and guns began to appear on the Western plains. This signified not only a change in the native lifestyle, but a change in the content of the rock art. Pictures of hunters on horseback, and warriors without body shields began to be created.</p><br>
<p>In 1887 a North-West Mounted Police (the precursor to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) camp was set up at Writing-On-Stone to attempt to curtail cross-border whiskey smuggling, which was devastating the native population, and to put a stop to native horse-raiding parties. But in fact neither problem ever became serious at this outpost, and the NWMP spent most of their time fighting summer grass fires, herding stray American cattle back across the border, and riding hundreds of uneventful kilometres on border patrol. In the period immediately preceding World War I, settlers began to arrive in the area, which helped to alleviate some of the boredom and isolation the NWMP officers faced. In 1918, the outpost was closed, as Canadian authorities felt little possibility of criminal activity along the border, and shortly thereafter, the outpost fell victim to arson by persons unknown.</p><br>
<p>The park was created in 1957 and was designated an archaeological preserve in 1977. As part of the NWMP centennial celebrations, the outpost was reconstructed between 1973 and 1975, and is now one of the attractions in the park. Archaeologists from the Alberta Provincial Parks Department surveyed and catalogued numerous petroglyph and pictograph sites within the park in 1973. In 1981, a portion of the park was named a Provincial Historic Resource to protect this rock art from increasing impact from vandalism and graffiti. The most sensitive areas are now set aside in areas designated for guided tours only. In 1977, the park preserved the archaeology of the pictographs and petroglyphs. This protection makes the park one of the largest concentrations of rock art in the North American Plains. In 2004 Parks Canada added the park to Canadas tentative list of possible world heritage sites. The application indicated that the Blackfoot people would also like the Kátoyissiksi or Sweetgrass Hills of Montana included as part of the world heritage site. In March 2005, the park was designated a National Historic Site. On June 20, 2007, the parks new visitor centre, with views of the valley from the north rim, was officially opened.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park is a neighborhood and historic district in Austin, Texas. Located in Central Austin, Hyde Park is defined by W. 38th Street to the south, W. 51st Street to the north, Duval Street to the east, and Guadalupe Street to the west. It is situated just north of the University of Texas and borders the neighborhoods of Hancock and North Loop.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park traces its origins back to 1891 and is considered to be Austins first suburb. The neighborhood was originally developed by Monroe Martin Shipe in 1891 as a "White Only" streetcar suburb with a large artificial lake, but it has since become one of the most densely populated areas in the citys urban core. Part of the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a Historic District in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located approximately twenty blocks from Austins original town site, the area now known as Hyde Park was largely rural in character for much of the 19th century. The State Fair of Texas was held in the eastern sections of Hyde Park from 1875 until it was moved to Dallas in 1884. A portion of the State Fairs horseracing track is still reflected in the curved segment of 39th Street between Avenue F and Duval Street.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1891 by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Land and Town Company, Hyde Park was marketed under the direction of Monroe Martin Shipe as an affluent suburb featuring large, majestic residences. Critical to the suburb&#39;s success was the establishment of an electric streetcar system. After the City Council awarded Shipe a franchise in 1890, his Austin Rapid Transit Railway Company built its first line on Congress Avenue, west on Sixth Street, and north on Rio Grande Street and Old Georgetown Road (now Guadalupe Street) to Hyde Park.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park was initially marketed to Austins elite in the 1890s, and Shipe achieved moderate success. The first houses built in the neighborhood were stylistic examples of late 19th-century domestic architecture. Many of them, such as the Oliphant-Walker House, were built in the Queen Anne style by locally prominent citizens. Noted sculptress Elisabet Ney was among the first to buy property in the area, which was heavily promoted as confirmation that Hyde Park was attractive to Austins most talented and prestigious citizens. Ney built a small castle-style studio, named Formosa, in northwest Hyde Park that is now home to the Elisabet Ney Museum.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1890s and early 1900s, however, the tone of Hyde Parks advertisements began to change. No longer was it promoted as an affluent residential area; instead, the suburb was described as an ideal place for the "working man or woman" to invest his or her earnings by purchasing a lot and building a residence. The key phrase in these promotions became affordability. Hyde Park’s architectural character shifted to smaller, more modest frame houses and bungalows. While steady construction of houses characterized the area through the early 1900s, Hyde Parks greatest building boom occurred between 1924 and 1935. Shipe Park was dedicated in 1928.</p><br>
<p>Analysis of styles and dates of construction of domestic structures elucidates historic growth patterns within Hyde Park. The oldest houses are located near the State Hospital or along the former streetcar route on 40th Street. Later, as promotional emphasis shifted to a different socioeconomic group, more modest dwellings were constructed in areas somewhat removed from the streetcar line.</p><br>
<h2>Historic districts</h2><br>
<p>The Hyde Park neighborhood contains two historic districts and several other individual historic buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Hyde Park Historic District is roughly defined by West 40th Street to the south, West 45th Street to the north, Duval Street to the east, and Avenue A to the west. The district includes Victorian architecture, Tudor Revival architecture, and bungalows.</p><br>
<p>The Shadow Lawn Historic District in southeast Hyde Park is roughly bounded by 38th Street, 39th Street, Avenue G, and Duval Street. The district includes several homes of historic interest from the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>Historic buildings in Hyde Park</h3><br>
<p>Blue Bonnet Court</p><br>
<p>Elisabet Ney Museum</p><br>
<p>Col. Monroe M. Shipe House</p><br>
<p>Hildreth-Flanagan-Heierman House</p><br>
<p>Frank M. and Annie G. Covert House</p><br>
<p>Page-Gilbert House</p><br>
<p>Smith-Marcuse-Lowry House</p><br>
<p>Oliphant-Walker House</p><br>
<p>Peter and Clotilde Shipe Mansbendel House</p><br>
<h2>Real Estate and Housing Market Trends</h2><br>
<p>Residential properties are the most prominent property type in Hyde Park, with single-family dwellings comprising about 95 percent of the neighborhood&#39;s built environment. Most lots within the neighborhood were improved between the late 1890s and 1935. Houses built during that period reflect the architectural tastes, trends and patterns that prevailed in Austin at the time. Bungalows are the most common house type, followed by examples of the stylistic influences of the Queen Anne and Tudor Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>As Austin has grown, Hyde Park has once again undergone a boom of sorts. In 2001 to 2007, the median home price rose by nearly $70,000 to $320,000. Despite the housing market crash in 2008-2009, homes have regained their values and as of July 2013 the median home price was $350,000 with some properties selling for over $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>The 1.75 acre Shipe Park is located in Hyde Park. Shipe Park has two unlighted basketball courts, one multipurpose court, two picnic tables, one playground, a 444 square yard neighborhood swimming pool, two lighted tennis courts, and indoor toilet facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Residents are served by the Austin Independent School District. Residents are assigned to Lee Elementary School, Kealing Middle School, and McCallum High School. The area is also served by Hyde Park Baptist High School.</p><br>
<p>Sri Atmananda Memorial School, a private school, was in Hyde Park.</p><br>
<p>Kitadaitōjima, also spelled as Kita Daitō, Kita-Daitō-shima, and Kitadaitō, is the northernmost island in the Daitō Islands group, located in the Philippine Sea southeast of Okinawa, Japan. It is administered as part of the village of Kitadaitō, Shimajiri District, Okinawa. The island is entirely cultivated for agriculture, although it lacks freshwater sources. The island has no beaches and harbor but has an airport   for local flights.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kitadaitōjima is a relatively isolated coralline island, located approximately 9 km north of Minamidaitōjima, the largest island of the archipelago, and 360 km from Naha, Okinawa. As with the other islands in the archipelago, Kitadaitōjima is an uplifted coral atoll with a steep coastal cliff of limestone (the former fringing coral reef of the island), and a depressed center (the former lagoon of the island). The island is roughly oval in shape, with a circumference of about 13.52 km, length of 4.85 km and an area of 11.94 km&sup2;. The highest point is 74 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The 660 (as of June 1, 2013) inhabitants live in a village in the center of the island.</p><br>
<p>Kitadaitōjima has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with very warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year; the wettest month is June and the driest month is February. The island is subject to frequent typhoons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is uncertain when Minamidaitōjima was discovered. It is the most likely that their first sighting was by the Spanish navigator Bernardo de la Torre in 1543, in between 25 September and 2 October, during his abortive attempt to reach New Spain from the Philippines with the San Juan de Letran. It was then charted, together with Kitadaitōjima, as Las Dos Hermanas (The Two Sisters). There is little doubt that Minamidaitōjima and Kitadaitōjima were again sighted by the Spanish on 28 July 1587, by Pedro de Unamuno who named them Islas sin Probecho (Useless Islands). However, on 2 July 1820, the Russian vessel Borodino surveyed the two Daitō islands and named the south as "South Borodino Island".</p><br>
<p>The island remained uninhabited until claimed by the Empire of Japan in 1885. In 1900, a team of pioneers from Hachijōjima, an island located 287 km south of Tokyo led by Tamaoki Han&#39;emon (1838 &ndash; 1910), who had pioneered settlement on Minamidaitōjima, became the first human inhabitants of the island, and started the cultivation of sugar cane from 1903.</p><br>
<p>During this period until World War II, Kitadaitōjima was owned in its entirety by Dai Nippon Sugar (now Dai Nippon Meiji Sugar), which also operated mines for the extraction of guano for use in fertilizer. Many of the inhabitants were seasonal workers from Okinawa and Taiwan. After World War II, the island was occupied by the United States. The use of increased mechanization increased phosphate yields marginally until the deposits were exhausted by the mid-1950s. The island was returned to Japan in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Titas River  is a Titas River: The main branch of the Meghna river: Titas started its journey From the Meghna river from the chatalpar area of Brahmanbaria district and at the Lalpur of Nabinagar upazila it fell again in the Meghna river. distance from Lalpur to Chatalpal is only 16 miles, but Titas river length is 150 miles. It is like the English M character to see the river. Although this Titas river is officially acknowledged by authority , some other small rivers flowing in Salimganj & Darikandi area of Nabinagar upazila and in Homna and Muradnagar of Comilla district area are called Titas.</p><br>
<p>Reference: 1. J E webster&#39;s Assam Benagal District Gazzetter Tippera-1910</p><br>
<p>2. History of Comilla District Published By District Council, Comilla</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>Many legends about Titas and Meghna traverse from generation to generation in world&#39;s largest deltaic country Bangladesh. One such legend says that Titas is the daughter of Meghna, who has been carrying her progeny to the Bay of Bengal since time immemorial. The two streams never commingle, and they keep a conspicuous demarcation line between them. While many hydrographers attribute this phenomenon to the difference in water properties of the two rivers, the people cherish to think of them as mother-daughter.</p><br>
<h2>Links to the river in other spheres</h2><br>
<p>Titas Gas, the biggest natural gas reserve of Bangladesh located in Brahmanbaria, which supplies gas to capital Dhaka, is named after this river.</p><br>
<p>One of the offshoots of the Meghna river is also</p><br>
<p>named as the Titas which branches out from the</p><br>
<p>Meghna at Chatlapur and again meets the</p><br>
<p>Meghna at Nabinagar Upazila</p><br>
<p>Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (A river called Titas) is a powerful story in Bengali by Advaita Malla Barman turned into a touching film by Ritwik Ghatak. It is depiction of the tragic lives of a fishing community dependent on this river.</p><br>
<p>Queens Gardens is a heritage-listed park located on a city block between George Street, Elizabeth Street and William Street in the Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1990s. It is also known as Executive Gardens and St Johns Church Reserve. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>Queens Gardens are adjacent to the former Land Administration Building (now the Heritage Hotel of the Treasury Casino). On the opposite side of William Street is the Old State Library Building and on the opposite side of Elizabeth Street is the former Treasury Building (now the Treasury Casino).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As an early penal colony the site was originally home to a cottage, lumber yard, engineer&#39;s store and workshops.</p><br>
<p>Queens Gardens was established in several stages between 1905 and 1962, on a site which has been associated both with the earliest phase of the penal settlement at Moreton Bay, and with the establishment of the Church of England in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>During the convict era the engineer&#39;s weatherboard cottage stood on part of the site, at the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets. It appears to have been both the first house and the first sawn timber building to be erected in Brisbane Town.</p><br>
<p>Occupying most of the remainder of the site was a lumber yard, erected c.1825, which contained the engineers stores and workshops. By 1838 the lumber yard had been moved, and the cottage had been converted into offices. The section of the present park along George Street was part of the chaplains garden from 1840 at least.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 the site was acquired by the Church of England. A parsonage was constructed at the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets in 1850-51, and St John&#39;s Church was erected on the site, further along William Street, in 1850-54. In 1868 it was extended. A detached bell tower was erected in 1877, and in 1879-80 a building which served as church school, synod hall, library and committee rooms was built in the eastern corner of the site.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s the Church proclaimed the square a future cathedral site, and a new Church Institute and Synod Hall was erected in the northern corner of the square in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Following church protests at the 1899 announcement of plans to erect a new lands and survey building adjacent to the pro-cathedral, the government offered to purchase the church square, and acquired it the same year.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 the Church Institute building was occupied by the Police Department and later served as offices for the Criminal Investigation Branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the pro-cathedral, belltower, church school and parsonage were demolished and a 0.25 hectare, 30 metre wide strip between William and George Streets, adjacent to the new Executive Building, was proclaimed as the Executive Gardens.</p><br>
<p>A bronze statue of Queen Victoria, a replica by English sculptor Thomas Brock of the original in Portsmouth, was erected in mid-1906. The purchase was arranged by local artist Godfrey Rivers, and was funded by public subscription and subsidies from state and local government. The pedestal was designed by the Public Works Department and crafted by local stonemason William Kitchen, at a cost of &pound;567.</p><br>
<p>The statue was an expression of Queensland&#39;s loyalty to the British Empire. On Empire Day veterans from the Crimean, Sudan and South African wars gathered in what became known as the Queens Gardens, which became also an assembly point for state occasions such as funeral or celebratory processions. The monument remains the only statue of Queen Victoria in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In late 1906 the reserve was extended to an area of 0.37 hectares, with the inclusion of the site of the former parsonage.</p><br>
<p>The trophy of British valour is a German World War I field gun located in a corner of the gardens. It was presented to Queensland by Lord Kitchener, on behalf of His Majesty King George V on 18 August 1917.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 a Krupp 77mm field gun, captured from the German army in France in 1915 during World War I, was placed in the gardens. It was a gift from King George V and presented to Queensland by Lord Kitchener as a Trophy of British Valour on 18 August 1917, at the request of Thomas Joseph Ryan, lawyer, anti-conscriptionist and Queensland Labor Premier 1915-1919.</p><br>
<p>A bronze statue of TJ Ryan, designed by Australian sculptor Bertram MacKennal and erected by public subscription, was unveiled in the gardens in 1925. The sandstone base was provided by the Brisbane City Council.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 the CIB building at the northern corner of the site was demolished and the park was extended to occupy the entire square, with a total area of 0.48 hectares. A new layout for the gardens was prepared as a joint state and local government scheme in preparation for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Brisbane in March 1963. Brisbane City Council landscape architect, horticulturalist and author, Harry Oakman, was responsible for the design and landscaping, and architectural detailing was undertaken by Department of Works architect Graham De Gruchy.</p><br>
<p>In 1990 the Queensland Service Women&#39;s Association erected a Monument of Memories in the park, honouring the 70,000 service women.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Queens Gardens is a public park, square in plan, that is bounded by William, Elizabeth and George Streets on the southwestern, northwestern and northeastern sides and by the Lands Administration Building (now Heritage Hotel) on the southeastern edge. Located around the perimeter of the Gardens are a number of important government buildings including the Lands Administration Building, the Treasury Building (now the Treasury Casino), the Old State Library and the Family Services Building.</p><br>
<p>The main elements of the design are: an asphalt area in front of the Lands Administration Building which connects George and William Streets; a diagonal path leading from the northern corner to the centre of the asphalt area; and a large lawn bounded by Elizabeth Street, the diagonal path, the asphalt area and garden beds along William Street. A lily pond, recently rebuilt, is located adjacent to the intersection of the diagonal path and the asphalt area. On the southwestern side of the pond is a converted fountain, now a sandstone and concrete planter box. The diagonal path is emphasised by a row of colvillea trees (Colvillea racemosa). A coral tree (Erythrina spp.) marks the entrance to the park from George Street.</p><br>
<p>With the exception of specimen trees most of the planting in the park is kept at a low level so as not to divide the space visually. Barriers to movement, if not vision, are created along George Street by a zig-zag hedge (Acalypha) and along William Street by a chain wire fence, hedge and garden bed.</p><br>
<p>Although the design of the park is relatively recent, earlier monuments have been incorporated which provide links to the previous form of the site. Two bronze statues on stone pedestals remain in their original locations. A marble slab in the paved area indicates the position of the altar of the former St John&#39;s Pro-Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>A statue of Queen Victoria, is centrally positioned on the asphalt area in front of the symmetrical facade of the Lands Administration Building. The diagonal path is terminated by the monument which looks towards the Treasury Building and is framed by two leopard trees (Caesalpinia ferrea). The bronze statue stands on a pedestal, the upper portion of which is made of brown Helidon sandstone and the lower portion of Enoggera granite. The pedestal is square in form, with chamfered corners and is set on a flight of three granite steps. Directly behind the Queen is a 1915 Krupp gun.</p><br>
<p>The TJ Ryan statue also stands on a pedestal of Helidon sandstone and Enoggera granite. Separated from the main area of the park by a fence and garden, it is positioned diagonally facing the corner of William and Elizabeth Streets. An ornamental bronze plaque is attached to the pedestal.</p><br>
<p>A recent addition to the park&#39;s memorials is a rough hewn block of bluestone with a bronze plaque bolted to it that commemorates the service of Australian women in war. It is located on the southwestern side of the asphalt area between rose beds.</p><br>
<p>Timber and concrete benches are placed along the paths and around the lily pond. The original cast-iron lamp posts on cast-iron pedestals have been relocated along the paths. The planting is dominated by exotic plants with coloured foliage and decorative leaf shape. Many garden beds have plants clipped into geometric patterns.</p><br>
<p>The Gardens provide a foreground for viewing the principal facades of the Lands Administration Building, the former Library and the Family Services Building, and forms a pleasant aspect for the buildings which overlook it.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Queens Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Queens Gardens are important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, particularly in the evolution of the site from convict administration use to the centre of Anglicanism in Queensland to public park and focus for Queenslands most important government precinct. Queens Gardens also demonstrate the historic and governmental associations of the Queen Victoria and TJ Ryan statues.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site is significant for its potential to reveal substrata evidence of building materials and artefacts from the 1820s, which could contribute to an understanding of the early European settlement of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The present garden layout is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the work of influential landscape architect Harry Oakman, and is one of the most intact of his works surviving in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The gardens, together with the Queen Victoria and TJ Ryan statues, exhibit landscape and aesthetic qualities, and a townscape contribution as the integrating core of a remarkably fine group of public buildings, which are valued by the community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site has a special association with the Anglican Church and its early history in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Aberlady Bay in East Lothian, Scotland lies between Aberlady and Gullane.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, Aberlady Bay became the UK&#39;s first Local Nature Reserve (LNR) and is served by the East Lothian Council Rangers.</p><br>
<p>The Scottish Ornithologists&#39; Club has Waterston House as its headquarters at Aberlady, with panoramic views of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Aberlady Bay is part of the John Muir Way, a long distance footpath from Fisherrow (Musselburgh) to Dunglass. It is also the East Lothian Section of the transnational North Sea Trail, a path network connecting seven countries and 26 areas.</p><br>
<h2>Wrecks</h2><br>
<p>The wrecks of eight historic (19th or early 20th century) fishing vessels at Kilspindie have been designated as maritime scheduled ancient monuments.</p><br>
<p>Two wrecks of XT-craft, training versions of the X craft, can be seen. In 1946, the craft were towed to the bay, then moored to a concrete block and used for target practice by aircraft of the Royal Air Force. The wrecks of the submarines lie much closer to the low-water mark than the high-water mark, and tides in the bay rise very quickly.</p><br>
<p>Saint Mary Lake is the second-largest lake in Glacier National Park, in the USA state of Montana.</p><br>
<p>Located on the east side of the park, the Going-to-the-Sun Road parallels the lake along its north shore. At an altitude of 4,484 ft, Saint Mary Lake&#39;s waters are colder and lie almost 1,500 ft higher in altitude than Lake McDonald, the largest lake in the park, which is located on the west side of the Continental Divide. Here, the great plains end and the Rocky Mountains begin in an abrupt 5,000 ft altitude change, with Little Chief Mountain posing a formidable southern flank above the west end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is 9.9 mi long and 300 ft deep with a surface area of 3,923 acre. The waters of the lake rarely rise above 50 &deg;F and are home to various species of trout. During the winter, the lake is often completely frozen over with ice up to 4 ft thick.</p><br>
<p>The opening scene in the 1980 Stanley Kubrick film The Shining was shot at Saint Mary Lake.</p><br>
<p>Mandra , is a town and former municipality in West Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Mandra-Eidyllia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 205.770 km. The population of the municipal unit was 12,888 at the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mandra was the location of the last Greek naval base to deploy naval ships to aid in the Aegean War which the Greeks won in 268 B.C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mandra is a western, outer suburb of Athens. It is located 4 km from the Saronic Gulf coast, 2 km west of Magoula, 5 km northwest of Eleusis and 22 km northwest of Athens city centre. The western part of the municipal unit is covered by Mount Pateras. There is a large industrial zone near the coast. The municipal unit of Mándra has a land area of 205.770 km². The municipal unit also includes the villages of Néa Zoí (pop. 518), Ágios Sotír (488), Palaiochóri (190), Diódia (116), Pournári (92), and several smaller settlements. Mandra is bypassed by the Greek National Road 3 (Eleusis - Thiva).</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Vice Admiral Alexandros Sakellariou (1889–1982), ex-minister of Defense</p><br>
<p>The York River is a 13 mi stream in southeast Maine, United States. It is tidal for over half of its length. It rises at York Pond in Eliot, and conjoined by brooks and creeks, feeds the tidal section. The York River flows southeast to the Atlantic Ocean at York Harbor in the town of York.</p><br>
<p>The Abenaki name for the York River was Agamenticus, which means "Beyond-the-hill-little-cove". According to Eben Norton Horsford, Agamenticus "described the site of the mouth of Little York River to one approaching it from the north, as it lay behind the hill called by the Indians "Sassanows" (the modern Agamenticus). Little York River, a short tidal river, was the "Beyond-the-hill-little-cove."</p><br>
<h2>Legislation</h2><br>
<p>On May 23, 2013, Rep Chellie Pingree introduced the York River Wild and Scenic River Study Act of 2013 (H.R. 2197; 113th Congress) into the United States House of Representatives. If passed, the bill would require the National Park Service (NPS) to study a segment of the York River in the state of Maine for potential addition to the Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The study would be to determine how the proposed designation would affect current recreational and commercial activities. The study would cost approximately $500,000.</p><br>
<p>The Old Lake County Courthouse, also known as Lake County Courthouse, in Lakeport, California is a building built in 1870. It served Lake County as a seat of government from 1871 until 1968. Precedent-setting trials on water rights were held here, along with the "White Cap" murder trial, a notorious episode in vigilantism held here in 1890. This brick courthouse, constructed by A.P. Pettit in 1870&ndash;71, was one of the few buildings in the vicinity to survive the 1906 San Francisco earthquake with only minor damage. It is now California Historical Landmark #897 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The county schools library was located in the basement until at least 1968. It is surrounded by a Lakeport City Park.</p><br>
<h2>Lakeport Historic Courthouse Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Lakeport Historic Courthouse Museum is located in the historic Lake County Courthouse. The museum features exhibits of local and natural history, including Pomo Indian baskets and artifacts, local rocks and minerals, early settler history, and early Lake County Courthouse history,</p><br>
<p>Dudhsagar Falls  is a four-tiered waterfall located on the Mandovi River in the border of the Indian state of Goa and Karnataka. It is 60 km from Panaji by road and is located on the Madgaon-Belgavi rail route about 46 km east of Madgaon and 80 km south of Belgavi. Dudhsagar Falls is amongst India&#39;s tallest waterfalls with a height of 310 m  and an average width of 30 metres .</p><br>
<p>The falls is located in the Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park among the Western Ghats. The waterfall forms the border between Karnataka and Goa states. The area is surrounded by a deciduous forests with a rich biodiversity. The falls are not particularly spectacular during the dry season but during the monsoon season however, the falls are fed by rains and form a huge force of water.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the falls</h2><br>
<p>The nearest rail station accessible by road to the falls is Castle Rock station. Visitors could get in a train from here and disembark at the Dudhsagar stop. It is to be noted that the Dudhsagar rail stop is not a station where passengers can expect a platform. Passengers and visitors have to climb down the steep ladder of the rail compartment in a short 1-2 minute unscheduled stop. From this rail stop, visitors have to walk about a kilometer on the tracks to arrive at the falls. While the walk itself is something unexpected for a popular tourist destination, there is a 200 m train tunnel that is totally dark which makes the walk a bit tougher. Recently Indian Railways has banned people from boarding/deboarding passengers at Dudhsagar railway. There is no availability of fresh drinking water nor clean rest room facilities anywhere in the vicinity of the falls including at the rail stop. There is absolutely no access to power or cellular signal at this location just as there is no access to road transportation.</p><br>
<p>One can reach the Doodhsagar Waterfalls with the help of Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife sanctuary Taxi near a Goan Village called Molem. This Association will take you through lush green forest and some heavy flowing streams and get back to you same place. Currently this is the only access to the Waterfall. The plus point of going through Association is One can see the full view of Doodhsagar Waterfall where as if you go by Indian Railway you will see half of waterfall view only.</p><br>
<h2>Dudhsagar Trek</h2><br>
<p>There has been a lot of hype of Dudhsagar trek being closed for the general public. The Dudhsagar railway trek has been officially closed for the general public but the trek to the Dudhsagar falls bottom is still open for all.</p><br>
<p>There are two routes to reach there. One is starting the trek from Kulem and follow the jeep trail until the bottom of the waterfall. The second option is via the railway track. You can trek up to the Sonaulim station and Join back to the Mud route. This route would save 2 km on the Mud road.</p><br>
<p>Knott is a mountain in the northern part of the English Lake District. It is the highest point of the Back oSkiddaw region, an area of wild and unfrequented moorland to the north of Skiddaw and Blencathra. Other tops in this region include High Pike, Carrock Fell and Great Calva. The fells slopes are mostly smooth, gentle, and covered in grass, with a few deep ravines. It stands a long way from a road and requires a long walk across the moor top get to it; this, as well as the fact that it is hidden from the rest of the Lake District by the two aforementioned giants, make it one of the most unfrequented tops in the Lakes. When it is climbed it is most often from Mungrisdale or from the north via Great Sca Fell. The word Knott is of Cumbric origin, and means simply "hill".</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Skiddaw and Blencathra are the best known of the Northern Fells, fronting the range as they loom above Keswick and the road to Penrith. Behind this wall is a further group of fells, commonly referred to as Back o&#39; Skiddaw. Knott stands at the centre of this group, in addition to being the highest point.</p><br>
<p>The Back o&#39;Skiddaw group is separated from Blencathra and the Skiddaw massif by Skiddaw Forest. Confusingly this Forest contains no trees &mdash; other than the windbreak of Skiddaw House &mdash; but is a marshy upland area at around 1,300 ft surrounded on all sides by higher fells. Three major streams flow from Skiddaw Forest, dividing the Northern Fells into three sectors. Dash Beck runs north-west, the River Caldew north-east and the River Glenderaterra south, between Skiddaw and Blencathra.</p><br>
<p>Knott itself is a long whale-backed ridge running for three miles in an east–west direction. With the exception of the extreme east and west, the fell has broad and gentle contours clad primarily in grass. Many of the streams draining it have cut deeply into Knott&#39;s flanks, exposing yellow and red soils which are visible in distant views.</p><br>
<p>The western end of the fell is Burn Tod, which descends roughly between Burntod and Hause Gills, both tributaries of Dash Beck. To the north is a parallel but shorter shoulder, Frozen Fell, and these two spurs are the only part of the fell which drain westward to the River Derwent.</p><br>
<p>From the south of the summit a ridge descends across a narrow col to the neighbouring fell of Great Calva. A further spur on this flank, across to the east, is named Snab. Wiley Gill and Burdell Gill fall on this side to the River Caldew and, ultimately, the Eden at Carlisle.</p><br>
<p>The eastern terminus of the summit ridge is Coomb Height. At the base of the slope, amid rough ground, are the remains of Carrock Fell Mine. Coombe Height is bordered by Wet Swine Gill and Grainsgill Beck, further tributaries of the Caldew.</p><br>
<p>Two connecting ridges run north from Knott, separated by the deep ravines of Roughton Gill. The western arms drops across an area of bog and with little reascent arrives at the summit of Great Sca Fell. The eastern branch crosses Miller Moss and then runs at high level for two miles to High Pike, first passing the subsidiary tops of Great Lingy Hill and Harestones.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Wainwright noted of the summit that "If the party consists of more than one person and if, further, a bat, ball and wickets can be found in the depths of somebody&#39;s rucksack, a cricket match can be played on turf many a county ground might covet." Amidst the grass a cairn has been built. Further such markers adorn the tops of Coomb Height, Burn Tod and Snab, but the ridge top is otherwise featureless and the paths faint and intermittent.</p><br>
<p>The view southward is constrained by Blencathra and Skiddaw, neither displaying their best side, but between the two is a narrow slice of central Lakeland. This includes a section of distant Thirlmere along with the Scafells. To the north are the Solway Firth and the hills of south west Scotland, but there is little interest to the foreground.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Although the main part of Carrock Fell Mine is beneath Carrock Fell, there are some workings to the south of Grainsgill Beck at the base of Coomb Height. A trench runs northward down the slope to the beck, containing a number of shafts and levels. These surface workings follow the line of the Harding Vein, the most productive part of the mine. Carrock Fell Mine was the only British Tungsten mine outside Cornwall and was operated at various times between 1850 and 1982 when the price of Tungsten was sufficient. Although reserves of Wolframite and other tungsten ores are believed to remain, the Harding vein beneath Knott has long been worked out and the levels were used for dumping sludge from ore processing operations.</p><br>
<p>A small operation on the southern flank of Knott was Little Wiley Gill Mine. A 40-yard level was driven here, but no other information survives.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From Orthwaite to the north-west a track can be followed to the source of Hause Gill and the col between Knott and Great Calva. Alternatively a start can be made at Longlands, crossing the intervening ridge between Meal Fell and Great Cockup and then following a path up between Burn Tod and Frozen Fell.</p><br>
<p>Fell Side provides access from the north, along the old mine track beside Roughten Gill. Once the mine is reached a pathless climb can be made to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The access road to Carrock Fell Mine can be used to lead onto Coomb Height for an ascent from Mosedale. Wainwright gave dire warnings regarding the mine workings on this route.</p><br>
<p>The Girard Public Library, a Carnegie library, was established in 1899 in Girard, Kansas, United States. The original building was constructed in 1906, at 128 West Prairie Avenue, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places. It was the first free library in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At Thanksgiving 1897, Jane Addams, founder of Hull House in Chicago, was a guest of her sister, S. Alice Haldeman, in Girard, an active worker in the Presbyterian Church. Miss Addams gave a talk at the church on "Social Settlements," and was surprised to learn at this time that Girard was without a public library, although Cherokee and Weir City had already taken such a step. In January 1898, Mrs. McKay, president of the Ladies Reading Club, appointed Mrs. Haldeman, Mrs. Griffin, Mrs. Smith, and Mrs. Wasser a committee to study the situation. A year later, January 21, 1899, representatives of the Ladies Reading Club, the Mutual Improvement Club, and the Sunflower Club met with Mrs. Haldeman and formed the Federation of City Clubs. At another meeting exactly one week later the Federation organized the Girard Library Association.</p><br>
<p>Offices were in the county courthouse until being moved to the McMillan building on the south side of the square, over E. Beadle&#39;s Store, in the spring of 1901. Mrs. Eva Mitchell was chosen as the first librarian. At that time the library had 370 books, and the librarian received 50 cents per day for keeping it open from 2 to 9 P.M. on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Miss Blanche Warren became librarian in December, 1901, and served until 1936, by far the longest service of anyone who has held this post.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, Lewis H. Phillips, an attorney, backed by the Commercial Club and other organizations, succeeded in obtaining $8,000 from Andrew Carnegie on the condition that the city council would pledge maintenance. The city council acted promptly, and it was said that at a population of about 2,500, Girard was the smallest city in the world to have a Carnegie Library at that time. It was also rumored that Jane Addams was a friend of Andrew Carnegie and may have had something to do with obtaining the money.</p><br>
<p>Two lots were considered for the building of the Carnegie Library. The one chosen was the Viets lot, offered by Marion Coulter, who lived across the street to the south. The price of this 100 x 95 foot lot was $500, all of which had been pledged by residents of the neighborhood. The other lot was the Wasser lot, 100 x 100, on the northeast corner of Buffalo and Osage, opposite the home of J. E. Raymond, who offered to pay for it, the cost also being $500. By a vote of 4 to 2 the board decided on the Viets lot because it was closer to the square, although inferior to the other location in some respects.</p><br>
<p>An expansion and addition to the original Carnegie building was made in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Predecessors</h2><br>
<p>Girard&#39;s Carnegie library was not the first library in the city.</p><br>
<p>In February 1870, the Crawford County Library Association met at Crawfordsville, located approximately 5 miles west of present-day Girard.</p><br>
<p>In December 1871, the Girard Literary Institute and Library Association held a meeting. In 1875, the librarian of that organization published thanks to several individuals who had made valuable donations to the library.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 there were over 500 books in the Public Library, and 95 new volumes had been ordered. Dr. G. A. Keyes was librarian, and kept the library in his office on the south side of the square, and John Randolph was president. It was open to members of the association at a cost of $1 per year. A festival was held that year for the benefit of the library. The same year mention was made of the A. O. U. W. (Ancient Order of United Workmen) Library.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 John Randolph was chairman at a meeting held in the courthouse for the purpose of considering the establishment of a free library.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 a circulating library was being established in the Veatch Music Store by two college students.</p><br>
<p>Wolli Creek, an urban watercourse of the Cooks River catchment, is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Wolli Creek rises south of Narwee, within Beverly Hills Park, Beverly Hills, and flows generally east northeast through Wolli Creek Valley and Wolli Creek Regional Park, joined by its major tributary, Bardwell Creek, before reaching its confluence with the Cooks River near Arncliffe and Tempe. The creek is a lined channel between Kingsgrove Road, Kingsgrove and Bexley Road, Bexley North where it then enters the Wolli Creek Valley. The sub-catchment area of the creek is 22 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Nature conservation value</h3><br>
<p>Adjacent to Wolli Creek, within the Wolli Creek Valley, is Wolli Creek Regional Park, a planned 50 hectare nature reserve of native bushland and public reserves that was announced by the NSW Government in 1998 as a result of sustained community campaigning for the area to be preserved and for the M5 East Freeway to go underground. Whilst some of the park has been formed and management handed over from local government authorities to the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, including the 8.9 hectare Girrahween Park and some privately held land that was compulsorily acquired, some areas of the originally planned park remain in the hands of government agencies including Sydney Water and Roads and Maritime Services.</p><br>
<p>When complete, the planned nature reserve offers easy public transport access, family picnic areas, extensive views and bushland, rugged sandstone escarpments with walking tracks, a mixture of parkland, heathland, and woodland forest, and great birdwatching within close proximity to heavily developed residential and industrial landscape.</p><br>
<h4>Wildlife</h4><br>
<h4>=Bird observation=</h4><br>
<p>The diversity of habitat and strategic location of the Wolli Creek Valley are reflected in the wide range of bird species to be found adjacent to the creek. Approximately 175 species of birds have been recorded in the area between 1940 and 1999.</p><br>
<h4>=Fish=</h4><br>
<p>Several species of freshwater and saltwater fish can be found in the Wolli Creek in areas above and below the fish ladder. The fish ladder, or "rock-ramp fishway" was constructed to enable fish to bypass the weir at Henderson St, Turrella, allowing migration to other areas of the creek.</p><br>
<h4>Coastal Saltmarsh</h4><br>
<p>The lower reaches - the tidal part - of Wolli Creek are home to a plant community known as saltmarsh, or coastal saltmarsh. The plant community includes various salinity-tolerant species such as Knobby Club-rush (Ficinia nodosa), Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), Sea Rush (Juncus kraussii), Seablite (Suaeda australis), Streaked Arrowgrass (Triglochin striata) and others. Coastal saltmarsh has been recognised as a carbon sink as well as a filter of nutrients maintaining water quality and is listed as an Endangered Ecological Community under the.</p><br>
<p>The Ramshead Range, a mountain range that is part of the Snowy Mountains, is located in the Monaro region of New South Wales and the Alpine region of Victoria, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The range extends from the southwest near Mount Cobberas No. 1 in Victoria, across the Black-Allen Line that defines the straight line border between the two states, towards the northeast near Thredbo in New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>The peaks of the range are around 2,100 m, with Mount Twynam, at an elevation of 2,178 m, the highest peak. The number of peaks in the Ramshead Range is debatable: however it is commonly accepted that the South Ramshead, the Rams Head and the North Ramshead are all proper peaks. The peak between Rams Head and North Ramshead is sometimes known as the Central Ramshead.</p><br>
<p>The range is generally covered in snow from June through to October, making it suitable for cross-country skiing. The range is most commonly accessed from Dead Horse Gap or by the Kosciuszko Express Quad Chair at Thredbo, and is not far south of Mount Kosciuszko, the highest mainland point in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Laodicea on the Lycus   was an ancient city built on the river Lycus . It was located in the Hellenistic regions of Caria and Lydia, which later became the Roman Province of Phrygia Pacatiana. It is now situated near the modern city of Denizli.</p><br>
<p>It contained one of the Seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Laodicea is situated on the long spur of a hill between the narrow valleys of the small rivers Asopus and Caprus, which discharge their waters into the Lycus. The town was originally called Diospolis, "City of Zeus", and afterwards Rhodas. Laodicea, the building of which is ascribed to Antiochus II Theos in 261-253 BC in honor of his wife Laodice, was probably founded on the site of the older town. It was approximately 17 km west of Colossae, and 10 km south of Hierapolis. It was approximately 160 km east of Ephesus and, according to Strabo, it was on a major road. It was in Phrygia, although some ancient authors place Laodicea in differing provincial territories – not surprising because the precise limits of these territories were both ill-defined and inconstant; for example, Ptolemy and Philostratus call it a town of Caria, while Stephanus of Byzantium describes it as belonging to Lydia.</p><br>
<p>At first, Laodicea was not a place of much importance, but it soon acquired a high degree of prosperity. In 220 BC, Achaeus was its king. In 188 BC, the city passed to the Kingdom of Pergamon, and after 133 BC it fell under Roman control. It suffered greatly during the Mithridatic Wars but quickly recovered under the dominion of Rome. Towards the end of the Roman Republic and under the first emperors, Laodicea, benefiting from its advantageous position on a trade route, became one of the most important and flourishing commercial cities of Asia Minor, in which large money transactions and an extensive trade in black wool were carried on.</p><br>
<p>The area often suffered from earthquakes, especially from the great shock that occurred in the reign of Nero (60 AD) in which the town was completely destroyed. But the inhabitants declined imperial assistance to rebuild the city and restored it from their own means. The wealth of its inhabitants created among them a taste for the arts of the Greeks, as is manifest from its ruins, and that it contributed to the advancement of science and literature is attested by the names of the sceptics Antiochus and Theiodas, the successors of Aenesidemus and by the existence of a great medical school. Its wealthy citizens embellished Laodicea with beautiful monuments. One of the chief of these citizens, Polemon, became King of Armenian Pontus (called after him "Polemoniacus") and of the coast round Trebizond. The city minted its own coins, the inscriptions of which show evidence of the worship of Zeus, Æsculapius, Apollo, and the emperors.</p><br>
<p>It received from Rome the title of free city. During the Roman period, Laodicea was the chief city of a Roman conventus, which comprised twenty-four cities besides itself; Cicero records holding assizes there ca. 50 BC.</p><br>
<p>Antiochus the Great transported 2,000 Jewish families to Phrygia from Babylonia. Many of Laodicea&#39;s inhabitants were Jews, and Cicero records that Flaccus confiscated the considerable sum of 9 kg of gold which was being sent annually to Jerusalem for the Temple (Pro Flacco 28-68). The martyrdom of Lulianos and Paphos is believed to have happened here.</p><br>
<p>The Byzantine writers often mention Laodicea, especially in the time of the Comneni. In 1119, Emperor John the Beautiful and his lead military aid John Axuch captured Laodicea from the Seljuk Turks in the first major military victory of his reign.</p><br>
<p>It was fortified by the emperor Manuel I Comnenus. In 1206–1230, it was ruled by Manuel Maurozomes. The city was destroyed during the invasions of the Turks and Mongols.</p><br>
<h2>Christianity at Laodicea</h2><br>
<p>With its large Jewish community, Laodicea became at a very early period a seat of Christianity and a bishopric. The Epistle to the Colossians mentions Laodicea as one of the communities of concern for Paul the Apostle. It sends greetings from a certain Epaphras from Colossae, who worked hard for the Christians of the three Phrygian cities of Colossae, Laodicea and Hierapolis. Asking for greetings to be sent to the Laodicean Christians, the writer requests that his letter be read publicly at Laodicea and that another letter addressed to the Laodiceans (see Epistle to the Laodiceans) be given a public reading at Colossae. Some Greek manuscripts of the First Epistle to Timothy end with the words: "Written at Laodicea, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana". Laodicea is also one of the seven churches of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.</p><br>
<p>The first three bishops attributed to the see of Laodicea are very uncertain, their names recalling people mentioned in the New Testament: Archippus; Nymphas, already indicated as bishop of Laodicea by the Apostolic Constitutions of the last quarter of the 4th century (a man named Nymphas or, according to the best manuscripts, a woman named Nympha is mentioned in ); and Diotrephes. After these three comes Sagaris, martyr (c. 166). Sisinnius is mentioned in the Acts of the martyr Saint Artemon, a priest of his church. Nunechius assisted at the Council of Nicaea (325). Eugenius, known by an inscription, was probably his successor. The Arian Cecropius was transferred by Constantius to the See of Nicomedia.</p><br>
<p>When Phrygia was divided into two provinces, Laodicea became the metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana: it figures under this title in all the Notitiae Episcopatuum. Some twenty incumbents are known besides those already enumerated; the last occupied the see in 1450. Since then, the bishopric has become a titular see, listed as Laodicea in Phrygia by the Catholic Church, which has appointed no further titular bishops to the see since the transfer of the last incumbent in 1968.</p><br>
<p>There are extant, in Greek, sixty canons of a Council of Laodicea. That this assembly was actually held, we have the testimony of Theodoret. There has been much discussion as to the date: some have even thought that the council must have preceded that of Nicaea (325), or at least that of Constantinople (381). It seems safer to consider it as subsequent to the latter. The canons are, undoubtedly, only a resume of an older text, and indeed appear to be derived from two distinct collections. They are of great importance in the history of discipline and liturgy; some Protestants have invoked one of them in opposition to the veneration of angels.</p><br>
<h2>The ruins</h2><br>
<p>The existing remains attest to its former greatness. The ruins near Denizli (Denisli) are well preserved and as of 2012 are being substantially renovated. Its many buildings include a stadium, baths, temples, a gymnasium, theatres, and a bouleuterion (Senate House). On the eastern side, the line of the ancient wall may be distinctly traced, with the remains of the Ephesus gate; there are streets traversing the town, flanked by colonnades and numerous pedestals. North of the town, towards the Lycus, are many sarcophagi, with their covers lying near them, partly imbedded in the ground, and all having been long since rifled.</p><br>
<p>Particularly interesting are the remains of an aqueduct starting several kilometres away at the Baspinar spring in Denizli, and possibly having another more distant source. Unusually, to cross the valley to the south of Laodicea, instead of the usual open channel carried above the level of the city on lofty arches as was the usual practice of the Romans, an inverted siphon was employed consisting of a double pressurised pipeline, descending into the valley and back up to the city. The low arches supporting the siphon commence near the summit of a low hill to the south where the header tank was located, and thence continue to the first terminal distribution tank (castellum aquae) at the edge of the hill of the city, whose remains are visible to the east of the stadium and South Baths complex. The water was heavily charged with calcareous matter, as several of the arches are covered with a thick incrustation where leaks occurred at later times. The siphon consisted of large carved stone pipes; some of these also are much incrusted, and some completely choked up. The terminal tank has many clay pipes of various diameters for water distribution on the north, east and south sides which, because of the choking by sinter, were replaced in time. To the west of the terminal is a small fountain next to the vaulted gate. The aqueduct appears to have been destroyed by an earthquake, as the remaining arches lean bodily on one side, without being much broken. A second distribution terminal and sedimentation tank is visible 400 m north of the first, to which it was connected via another siphon of travertine blocks, and this one is bigger and supplied most of the city.</p><br>
<p>The stadium, which is in a good state of preservation, is near the southern extremity of the city. The seats are arranged along two sides of a narrow valley, which appears to have been taken advantage of for this purpose, and to have been closed up at both ends. Towards the west are considerable remains of a subterranean passage, by which chariots and horses were admitted into the arena, with a long inscription over the entrance. The city ruins bear the stamp of Roman extravagance and luxury, rather than of the stern and massive solidity of the Greeks. Strabo attributes the celebrity of the place to the fertility of the soil and the wealth of some of its inhabitants: amongst whom Hiero, having adorned the city with many beautiful buildings, bequeathed to it more than 2000 talents at his death.</p><br>
<p>Cuicuilco is an important archaeological site located on the southern shore of the Lake Texcoco in the southeastern Valley of Mexico, in what is today the borough of Tlalpan in Mexico City. The settlement goes back to 1400 BC.</p><br>
<p>Cuicuilco flourished during the Mesoamerican Middle and Late Formative (c. 700 BCE – 150 CE) periods.</p><br>
<p>Today, it is a significant archaeological site that was occupied during the Early Formative until its destruction in the Late Formative. Based on its date of occupation, Cuicuilco may be the oldest city in the Valley of Mexico and was roughly contemporary with, and possibly interacting with, the Olmec of the Gulf Coast of lowland Veracruz and Tabasco (also known as the Olmec heartland).</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>Based on known facts, it was the first important civic-religious center of the Mexican Highlands, its population probably including all the social strata and cultural traits that would characterize the Altépetl (city-state) of classical Mesoamerica.</p><br>
<p>Cuicuilco was destroyed and abandoned following the eruption of the volcano Xitle, causing migrations and changes to the population and culminating in the consolidation of Teotihuacan as the ruler of the Central Highlands during the Early Classic period.</p><br>
<p>At the site are eight of the many housing and religious buildings that once existed and the remains of a hydraulic system that supplied water to the city. One of the pyramids was built in a strategic position, representing early prehispanic attempts to link religious concepts with cosmic events through building construction.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The etymology is unknown.</p><br>
<p>According to INAH, Zelia Nuttall believes that Cuicuilco means: “Place where songs and dances are made””.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although this site produced a new ceramic tradition (around 600–200 BCE), it is considered that the overall site area was developed over several generations of inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence, ceramic and structures, indicate that Cuicuilco developed during the first millennium BCE, during the Preclassic, as a small settlement, its inhabitants interacting with other sites in the Basin of Mexico as well as relatively distant regions, e.g. Chupicuaro to the west and Monte Albán southeast.</p><br>
<p>Estimated occupation periods for Cuicuilco may be considered tentative at best. The earliest occupation is estimated in 1200 BCE, and included many farming villages of similar configuration and space distribution. During the period 1000–800 BCE, conical structures with an oval base were built. Specialists call these sites regional capitals, considering that they had higher hierarchy and functioned as integration centers, eventually becoming larger regional capitals.</p><br>
<p>If the great pyramid of Cuicuilco is an expression of this growth, then this level of development was reached between 800–600 BC, when it was built. If true, these proto-urban characteristics might have extended into the late Preclassic, with Cuicuilco weakening between 100 BCE and 1 CE, the time when Teotihuacan began to develop, later becoming an important urban center in the Classic period.</p><br>
<h3>Beginning of the Culture</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-Preclassic (c. 800 BCE), settlements emerged in the area, which slowly evolved and grew, becoming villas, subsequently developing into a major civic-ceremonial urban centers in the late Preclassic (c. 100 CE). As an urban center, Cuicuilco became very important, with an advanced and stratified society.</p><br>
<p>Some experts theorize that the development of the site, from its foundation, was due to its strategic location near the pass of Toluca, and near the shores of Lake Texcoco.</p><br>
<p>Under this perspective, although the place produced (around 600–200 BCE) a new ceramic tradition, is also evident that the region was configured by successive generations.</p><br>
<h3>Culture Growth</h3><br>
<p>Towards the late Preclassic (around 150 BCE) period, Cuicuilco achieved the features of an urban regional center, with a population estimated at about 20,000 inhabitants, comparable with Teotihuacan at that time (cf. Sanders, 1981). Cuicuilco&#39;s development was affected by the eruption of the Xitle volcano, which formed a layer of lava that partially or completely covered the city’s structures, whose extension is inferred to have reached nearly 400 hectares (cf. ibid.).</p><br>
<h3>Physiological characteristics of the culture</h3><br>
<p>The inhabitants had round heads affected by direct or oblique tubular cranial deformation, the first being more common. Dental mutilation was practised. The average life span was 51 years, affected mainly by diseases like osteomyelitis.</p><br>
<h3>Agriculture and food</h3><br>
<p>From their location, inhabitants had access to natural resources, as they were located approximately 4 km from Lake Xochimilco, and near the Sierra de las Cruces and Ajusco (cf. Sanders 1981: 173); In addition there were water springs and streams. Prehispanic groups managed to produce food. The economic base was centered on agriculture, probably supplemented by hunting, fishing and gathering; access to wood had to be simple, from nearby forests, and agricultural land in the vicinity of the nuclear portion of the site, buried today under meters of volcanic lava and modern buildings.</p><br>
<h3>End of the culture</h3><br>
<p>The decline began in the early 1st century BCE, with the rise of Teotihuacán as a center of cultural and religious influence. By the year 400 CE, the Xitle volcano, located in the vicinity of Ajusco (Nahuatl: atl, xochitl, co, “water”, “flower”, “place”; “place of flowers in water”), also known as Sierra del Ajusco - Chichinauhtzin, erupted, burying and destroying what still remained of Cuicuilco and Copilco (another important ceremonial center). This disaster led to the dispersion of Cuicuilca culture towards Toluca and Teotihuacan, which hosted a large part of the Cuicuilcas and incorporated many features of their culture.</p><br>
<p>It is considered that the Cuicuilco&#39;s decline (100 BCE to 1 CE) had a minor recovery in 1–150 CE, due to the presence of representations of fire deities.</p><br>
<p>Also, according to some other sources, a series of volcano eruptions and the destruction of Cuicuilco took place in the 1st century BC.</p><br>
<p>In spite of the abandonment of Cuicuilco as an important ceremonial center, people continued making offerings even after the site was covered by lava from the Xitle volcano, which happened around 400 CE or in the range 245 to 315 AD.</p><br>
<p>With Cuicuilco in ruins, Xitle erupted once again, covering much of the city in lava. This lava flow is evident based on excavation around the main pyramid. Excavations show a layer of lava separating the modern surface from the original, ancient surface. This shows much of the city was completely destroyed by the lava flows. This series of eruptions gave rise to Teotihuacan as the center of the Basin of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>From the beginning of the last century, “El Pedregal” was an attractive place to define the predecessor cultures of the Teotihuacan y Mexica cultures in the México basin. Investigations at Cuicuilco B demonstrated that the site&#39;s development was as a consequence of internal dynamics.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists conclude that Cuicuilco was a prominent community prior to the emergence of Teotihuacan as an urban center, noting that the six small communities which some archeologists believe eventually combined to become Teotihuacan were founded and showing evidence of modest growth at the same time that Cuicuilco was building pyramids and public monuments. The city seems to have been abandoned around AD 150 to 200 after the eruption of a nearby volcano, Xitle, although the territory was reoccupied at a much later date. Pottery and other evidence suggest that refugees from the volcanic disaster migrated north and became part of the population pool of Teotihuacan, near the northern shore of the Lake Texcoco.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>The site of Cuicuilco is covered by a dense volcanic lava field known as the Pedregal de San Ángel. The lava covers an area of approximately 80 km², including the foothills of the Ajusco mountain range and extending down to a nearby lake shore. A 1956 study concluded that the uneven lava deposits, reaching a depth over 10 m in areas, were a major factor in the preservation of Cuicuilco. The site is also inside a modern urban area, and is partially covered by buildings associated with the National University of Mexico. Only partial archaeological investigation has been possible, and modern building techniques have damaged the prehistoric city. Several 1990 archaeological finds at Cuicuilco, consisting of a circular pyramid constructed within a plaza with smaller structures associated with agricultural system, were destroyed for the construction of a multi-storied office complex. Consequently, the true size and complexity of Cuicuilco may be difficult to ascertain.</p><br>
<h3>Other Investigations</h3><br>
<p>The prehispanic settlement and its surroundings, upon being covered by lava, were sealed and preserved. Archaeological materials above the lava were affected differently during the last 2000 years.</p><br>
<p>The lava flow sealed off the northern shore of the lake and appears to have created a marshy peat deposit in the eastern section. Multiple layers of volcanic ash from Xitle and possibly from Popocatepetl have been detected in the peat.</p><br>
<p>It has also been suggested that other volcanoes in the area may have played a role.</p><br>
<p>"No geological evidence under the Xitle flow suggests an earlier eruption, but another monogenetic volcano, Chichinautzin, was also active in the area prior to Xitle and is believed to have had a similarly large flow and to have resulted in similar ecological changes. The Yololica volcano also erupted at about the same time as Xitle, and its lava flows are only a few kilometers from Cuicuilco".</p><br>
<p>During Byron Cummings&#39; 1922–1925 exploration, ceramic was found from phases preceding the eruption. This discovery was followed by Eduardo Noguera (1939), who excavated burials in the proximity of the pyramidal sector known as Cuicuilco A, corresponding to the preclassical archaeological site. In 1957, investigations by Heiser and Bennyhoff provided relevant information to refine the chronological sequence of the main building basement (cf. Schávelzon, 1983)</p><br>
<p>Between 1966 and 1968, important complexes of architectural structures were found as well as a series of conical formations, a group called Cuicuilco B, where more than 300,000 ceramic pots were rescued (Müller, 1990). Based on analysis of archaeological ceramics of Cuicuilco B, Florence Müller determined that the occupation of the settlement continued after the Xitle eruption, during the Classical, Epiclassical, postclassical periods until the Spanish conquest, even though the importance of the site as well as the number of inhabitants dropped radically.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, in the sector known as Cuicuilco C, Rodríguez identified predominant preclassical ceramic materials, as well as, to a lesser extent, pots from later periods, including colonial and modern (Rodriguez, 1994).</p><br>
<p>Stratigraphy has determined that, after the Xitle eruption, materials were deposited on a layer of lava cushions associated with a body of water, which demonstrate the presence of settlements or villages from approximately 200 to 950 CE, according to the preliminary analysis of ceramic layer</p><br>
<p>Features of archaeological materials allow inferring the context of the natural and cultural training processes. Inhabitants discarded vases and fragments in the vicinity of the body of water, and many pots were trapped in the lava, especially domestic pieces such as pans, pots, pitchers, dishes, boxes and comales, even if it does not preclude the possibility that at the end of the life of these vessels, they were simply thrown into the water, considered as trash. On the other hand, the presence of braziers fragments, miniature pieces and Tlaloc vases indicates that these were thrown into the water as offerings as part of rites similar to those recorded by Spanish chroniclers as Sahagún (1989) and Duran (1967) in the twin cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco as well as in other settlements in late postclassical Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Many ceramic materials identified in the preliminary analysis correspond to phases of Teotihuacán&#39;s apogee during the classical period (Tlamimilolpa and Xolalpan phases), between 200 and 650 CE. According to recently adjusted chronology based on radiocarbon dating (cf. Rattray, 1991); predominant types are temporarily located in the epiclassical period, 650-950 CE, Coyotlatelco tradition (cf. Rattray, 1966), and are contemporaneous with the Tula Chico occupation (cf. Cobean, 1990), as well as other important settlements in the Valley of Mexico, as Cerro de la Estrella and Azcapotzalco (altepetl). There are also materials, although in low percentages, whose production and consumption starts in the epiclassical (based recent research made in the Tula region) but have been associated with the Tula apogee. According to ethno-historical sources and some radiocarbon dating, it is located chronologically between 950 and 1150 CE. (cf. Cobean, 1990)</p><br>
<p>These archaeological materials indicate strong social interaction between the Valley of Mexico and other regions under the hegemonic power of Teotihuacán, as well as the conformation of sociopolitical units after the decline of said Empire, also as evidence of socio-economic aspects associated with the emergence of the Toltec State.</p><br>
<p>It is a restricted area where deposits were affected by activities of the 20th century, fragments found of Aztec ceramics from the end of the late postclassical, materials of the colonial period (native and Spaniards) as well as 19th-century European fine earthenware. This material provides evidence of a settlement or village in Cuicuilco from the Tepaneca-Aztec empire, before the Spaniards&#39; arrival, continuing the occupation of land owners such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo and other.</p><br>
<h2>Current Situation</h2><br>
<p>Due to its location, Cuicuilco is in a difficult situation. Among the issues are modern planning and economic interests of the place, as well as disputes on conservation and legislation of the archaeological heritage.</p><br>
<p>Known Cuicuilco is divided into two zones. The first is known as Cuicuilco A, where the ceremonial center is located. The other is called Cuicuilco B and lies West of Cuicuilco A, in the Olympic village Sports Centre.</p><br>
<p>Its importance is recognized by all historians and archaeologists; however it has barely been studied, especially when compared with other archaeological sites, such as Teotihuacan and Tula. The main investigation obstacle is that the area is covered almost entirely with a lava layer of about 9 to 10 meters thick. This difficulty is compounded by urbanization of the area, with constructions directly above the archaeological site, such as the Telmex building and the Cuicuilco commercial Plaza in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Other photos</h2><br>
<p>Kamaran Island  is the largest Yemeni island in the Red Sea. The 108 km&sup2; island is 18 km long and 7 km wide and is strategically located at the southern end of the Red Sea.</p><br>
<p>The source for the area figure is . Various other sources give significantly different figures including 181, 130, and 57 km². http://www.al-bab.com/bys/images/groom02g.jpg This photo from the period of British rule gives a figure of 207 km&sup2;. It is a "shelf island" located in the shallow waters of the Arabian peninsula&#39;s continental shelf with coral reefs surrounding three sides of the island. The population numbers 2,200.</p><br>
<p>Kamaran is generally flat, with a few hills in the south. Its highest point is Jabal Yaman (24 meters high), situated about three kilometers from Ra&#39;s al Yaman, the southeastern cape of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>General</h3><br>
<p>Kamaran had been inhabited for centuries when the Portuguese established an outpost there in the 16th century. During the second part of the 19th century, the island was occupied by the Turks who built a quarantine station for pilgrims from East Africa, the Persian Gulf, India and the East conducting the hajj by sea to the Ottoman-controlled Muslim holy city of Mecca.</p><br>
<p>During the early months of World War I, there was a debate among the British on the suitability of occupying Kamaran and the other Turkish-held Red Sea islands such as the Farasan Islands. Those who opposed the move pointed out that when war broke out, Great Britain had solemnly declared that it had no territorial ambitions in the area; even a temporary occupation might be seen by the Arabs, particularly the Immam of Yemen, as a breach of that promise. Finally, decision was taken to occupy Kamaran and on the 9th of June 1915, the RMS Empress of Russia landed an armed party on the island, previously evacuated by the Turkish garrison. G. A. Richardson, formerly vice-consul at Hudaydah and Kamaran, also dis-embarked to act as Political Officer with additional responsibility for Police, Treasury and Customs. While the British continued to administer Kamaran from Aden, they never declared formal possession.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne, which divided up the defeated Ottoman Empire, declared an end to its sovereignty over the Arabian Peninsula and adjacent islands, whose future was to be "settled by the parties concerned" without specifying those parties. Britain continued to administer the island despite the objections of Yemen which claimed sovereignty over the island. In 1949, Britain formally declared the governor of Aden to be the governor of Kamaran but the island did not become a part of the colony.</p><br>
<h2>Quarantine station</h2><br>
<p>After the departure of the Turks, an international control was exercised over the quarantine station, but it was in fact placed under British administration. In anticipation of a vast increase in the number of the faithful from British India, the Dutch East Indies, etc. who would make the pilgrimage the camp was greatly extended. Long lines of barrack-like sleeping quarters were constructed where the Turks had provided only wattle huts. Big disinfecting plants were installed where the pilgrims went through an ordeal of cleansing on a production line basis. A power station was built. The local water supply being inadequate, a massive distillation plant was introduced to make sea water fit for drinking. There were carpenters’ shops, machine shops, a small railway to transport fuel and stores, a wireless station, a fine landing stage, a cantonment of officials’ bungalows. This proved a bonanza for the islanders, born to be fishermen and sailors. They prospered on this trade in potential disease among the devout, and the population grew. In the village of Kamaran, the only settlement apart from a few isolated groups of fishermen’s huts, fine houses and a magnificent mosque went up, and a lively trade in pilgrim requirements was conducted with the mainland. This, on top of the wealth that the more hardy could derive by diving for pearls from the coral reefs, gave the inhabitants a glimpse of previously unimagined wealth.</p><br>
<p>However, this prosperity was short-lived. Determined to control the pilgrimage in all its aspects, the Saudi Arabian Government decided to construct its own quarantine station and to insist that Kamaran be by-passed. Soon, the long lines of buildings in the camps lay empty and deserted; a handful of men maintained was had become a ghost town while arrangements were debated for its breaking up and disposal.</p><br>
<h2>End of the British presence</h2><br>
<p>On 30 November 1967, Kamaran became a part of the People&#39;s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) upon its independence from Britain, but was seized by the adjacent Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) in 1972 and became a part of a unified Yemen in 1990.</p><br>
<h3>British Commissioners</h3><br>
<p>* June 1915 - 191. D.G.L. Shaw - Commander</p><br>
<p>* 191. - 1930&#39;s Captain Wickham.</p><br>
<p>* 1930&#39;s - c.1945 David Thompson</p><br>
<p>* c.1945 - 1952 Major Thomson British Army 1948</p><br>
<p>* 1952 - 1954? R.G.W.E. Alban (b. 1899 - d. 19..)</p><br>
<p>* 1954? - 30 November 1967 Wilson</p><br>
<h3>Postal history</h3><br>
<p>Kamaran Island had an Ottoman post office until 1915 and had a sub-post office of Aden beginning in 1924. From 1967, it was a postal territory of South Yemen, from 1972 of North Yemen, and from 1990 of the unified Republic of Yemen.</p><br>
<p>The San Quintín Glacier is the largest outflow glacier of the Northern Patagonian Ice Field in southern Chile. Its terminus is a piedmont lobe just short of the Gulf of Penas on the Pacific Ocean and just north of 47°S.</p><br>
<h2>Recent retreat</h2><br>
<p>Like many glaciers worldwide during the twentieth century, San Quintín appears to be losing mass and retreating rapidly.</p><br>
<p>These two photographs taken by astronauts only seven years apart show visible change. The first was taken by the crew of STS-068 in October 1994 and the second by the Increment 4 crew of the International Space Station in February 2002.</p><br>
<p>San Rafael Glacier in the foreground and San Quintín Glacier behind, showing change over the interval circa 1990-2000. Both giant glaciers have been retreating rapidly in recent years http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3662975.stm (BBC story).</p><br>
<p>Harter Fell is a fell in the far eastern part of the English Lake District. The summit at lies the meeting point of three ridges, and Harter Fell forms the head of three valleys: Mardale, Longsleddale and the valley of the River Kent.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>In plan section the summit area forms a horseshoe, open to the south east. This ridge is narrow and grassy, with a relatively new fence in place. There are subsidiary tops on both horns of the horseshoe. The southern ridge passes over The Knowe and then Brown Howe, before connecting to Kentmere Pike. The eastern branch includes the rocky top of Little Harter Fell (2,234 ft), and Adam Seat (2,185 ft) which is marked by a prominent boundary stone. This ridge continues down to Gatescarth Pass before rising again to Branstree.</p><br>
<p>Connecting to the centre of the summit horseshoe, producing a shape not unlike a tuning fork in plan, is Harter Fell&#39;s third ridge. This starts lower down the fell-side and cannot be seen from the summit. This ridge is all together rockier in character and leads swiftly down to Nan Bield Pass for onward connections to Mardale Ill Bell and High Street.</p><br>
<p>The western slopes of the fell above Kentmere Reservoir are moderately steep, with an area of historic landslip surrounding Dry Gill. A low subsidiary ridge juts out into Kentmere, separating it from the valley of Ullstone Gill. This is named for The Ullstone, a prominent erratic boulder.</p><br>
<p>The summit horseshoe of Harter Fell forms the head of Wren Gill, the main headwater of the River Sprint in Longsleddale. At Wrengill Quarry near the base of the slope, the Gill drops into sinkholes, reappearing from the ground a few yards lower down. The slopes on this south eastern side of the fell are gentle and generally grassy.</p><br>
<p>To the north above the head of Mardale, Harter Fell shows a different character. Extensive crags, unnamed on Ordnance Survey maps, drop 1,300 ft to the valley. Further crags fringe the descending ridge to Nan Bield. Below these is the beautiful mountain tarn of Small Water. This corrie tarn, with a depth of around 50 ft has brown trout and perch.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The walkers&#39; passes of Nan Bield and Gatescarth provided historic trade routes from Mardale to Kentmere and Longsleddale respectively. With the submergence of Mardale Green village beneath Haweswater reservoir in the 1940s, their original purpose has died, but both routes still provide good access for fellwalkers and are the easiest ways onto Harter Fell. The upper sections still bear the original zig-zags over steep ground. The fell is most frequently climbed from Mardale, as there is road access along the shore of Haweswater. Harter Fell summit is 1 mile or 1.5 km southwest and 1,800 ft or 550 m above the carpark at the head of the reservoir. Crags block a direct ascent, however, and Harter Fell is thus normally climbed via Gatescarth Pass to the east of the summit, or Nan Bield Pass to the west. These two passes also provide the easiest access from Kentmere or Longsleddale.</p><br>
<p>A longer route from the Kent valley follows the ridge that separates it from Longsleddale, taking in Kentmere Pike on the way. This may form part of the Kentmere Horseshoe walk which also includes the Ill Bell ridge. An ascent of Harter Fell may also be combined with fells such as Branstree, Mardale Ill Bell and High Street to form a high-level circuit of Mardale from the road end. Finally, direct ascents from Longsleddale can also be made up the grassy slopes above Wrengill Quarry.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>As well as a pile of stones, the summit cairn of Harter Fell carries many pieces of ironwork salvaged from the fence. Some of these resemble upended pitchforks, and when encountered unexpectedly on a misty day, the effect is faintly nightmarish. A second cairn to the north carries similar decoration. The view is good all round and can be improved by moving to the rim of the crags, bringing the full length of Haweswater into sight.</p><br>
<h2>Listing</h2><br>
<p>Harter Fell was originally listed as a Marilyn in Alan Dawson&#39;s The Relative Hills of Britain, but it was later found not to have the required 150 m of relative height, missing out by 1 metre.</p><br>
<p>Velventos  is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Servia-Velventos, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies at the foot of the Pierian Mountains, 33 km northeast of the city of Kozani. It is located near the artificial lake of Polyfyto. The 2011 census recorded 3,360 people in the village of Velventos, 3,399 in the municipal community and 3,448 in the municipal unit. Velventos is connected with the GR-3/E65  and is located southwest of Veria, north-northwest of Servia and Larissa, east-northeast of Grevena and south-southeast of Kozani.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit of Velventos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Velventos (Velventos, Palaiogratsano)</p><br>
<p>Agia Kyriaki</p><br>
<p>Katafygi</p><br>
<p>Polyfyto</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>About Velventos</h2><br>
<p>Surrounded by forests, it is located in the fertile valley of the Haliacmon river and produces fruit, mainly peaches. 10.6% of the area is cultivated. Agricultural production is organised in two agricultural cooperatives.</p><br>
<p>The area has been continually occupied since the prehistoric times. For this reason, many fruitful archaeological digs have been made in the area, unearthing mainly prehistoric findings. Velventos contains also many late Byzantine and post-Byzantine monuments and temples, among them the 12th-century church of Saint Minas and the 14th-century church of Saint Paraskevi.</p><br>
<p>During the Turkish occupation of Greece, Velventos saw great cultural development. Architect Stamatios Kleanthis was born here.</p><br>
<p>Velventos was finally Greek only during the Balkan Wars. After World War II and the Greek Civil War, many buildings were rebuilt, much of its architecture are almost disappeared.</p><br>
<p>The forests in the mountains around Velventos was caught by a forest fire in the last days of July 2007, the damage was minimal and lasted for several hours, firefighters along with helicopters and planes battled the fire and slowly dissipated.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Velventos has a school, church, a lyceum (middle school), a gymnasium (secondary school), banks, a post office, and a square (plateia).</p><br>
<p>A well organized athletic stadium for several indoor and outdoor sport activities is located at the exit of the town. There are 2 Athletic Clubs, A.C. Velventos who has Soccer, Basketball and Volleyball as their main sport activities and A.C. Taekwondo Velventos with Taekwondo and Kick Boxing.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Numerous scholars and famous researchers were born in this area, e.g.:</p><br>
<p>Stamatios Kleanthis famous architect</p><br>
<p>Eleni Psara (pioneer of optics engineering)</p><br>
<p>Kostas Bigalis (famous singer and entertainer)</p><br>
<p>The island of Spinalonga , officially known as Kalydon , is located in the Gulf of Elounda in north-eastern Crete, in Lasithi, next to the town of Plaka. The island is further assigned to the area of Kalydon.</p><br>
<p>It is near the Spinalonga peninsula ("large Spinalonga") – which often causes confusion as the same name is used for both. The official Greek name of the island today is Kalydon.</p><br>
<p>Originally, Spinalonga was not an island – it was part of the island of Crete. During Venetian occupation the island was carved out of the coast for defence purposes and a fort was built there.</p><br>
<p>During Venetian rule, salt was harvested from salt pans around the island. The island has also been used as a leper colony. Spinalonga has appeared in novels, television series, and a short film.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the name</h2><br>
<p>According to Venetian documents, the name of the island originated in the Greek expression στην Ελούντα stin Elounda (meaning "to Elounda"). The Venetians could not understand the expression so they familiarized it using their own language, and called it spina "thorn" longa "long", an expression that was also maintained by the locals. The Venetians were inspired for this expression by the name of an island near Venice called by the same name and which is known today as the island of Giudecca.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Venetian cartographer Vincenzo Coronelli reports that Spinalonga was not always an island, but was once linked with the adjacent Peninsula Spinalonga. He mentions that in 1526, the Venetians cut down a portion of the peninsula and thus created the island. Because of its position the island was fortified from its earliest years in order to protect the entranceway of the port of Ancient Olous.</p><br>
<h3>Arab raids</h3><br>
<p>Olous, and accordingly the wider region, were depopulated at the middle of the 7th century because of the raids of the Arab pirates in the Mediterranean. Olous remained deserted until the mid-15th century when the Venetians began to construct salt-pans in the shallow and salty waters of the gulf. Subsequently, the region acquired commercial value and became inhabited. This, in combination with the emergent Turkish threat, particularly after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the continuous pirate raids, forced the Venetians to fortify the island.</p><br>
<h3>Venetian rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1578 the Venetians charged the engineer Genese Bressani to plan the island&#39;s fortifications. He created blockhouses at the highest points of the northern and southern side of the island, as well as a fortification ring along the coast that closed out any hostile disembarkation. In 1579, the Provveditore generale di Candia, Luca Michiel, put the foundation stone of the fortifications, built over the ruins of an acropolis. There are two inscriptions that cite this event, one on the transom of the main gate of the castle and the other on the base of the rampart at the north side of the castle. In 1584, the Venetians, realising that the coastal fortifications were easy to conquer by the enemies attacking from the nearby hills, decided to strengthen their defence by constructing new fortifications at the top of the hill. The Venetian fire would thus have bigger range, rendering Spinalonga an impregnable sea fortress, one of the most important in the Mediterranean basin.</p><br>
<p>Spinalonga, along with Gramvousa and Souda, remained in Venetian hands even after the rest of Crete fell to the Ottomans in the Cretan War (1645–1669) and until 1715, when they fell to the Ottomans during the last Ottoman–Venetian War. These three forts defended Venetian trade routes and were also useful bases in the event of a new Venetian-Turkish war for Crete. Many Christians found refuge in these fortresses to escape persecution from the Ottoman Turks.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman rule</h3><br>
<p>In 1715, the Ottoman Turks captured Spinalonga taking over the last remaining Venetian fortress and removing the last trace of Venetian military presence from the island of Crete.</p><br>
<h3>Cretan revolt</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the Ottoman occupation the island, together with the fort at Ierapetra, was the refuge of many Ottoman families that feared Christian reprisals. After the revolution of 1866 other Ottoman families came to the island from all the region of Mirabello. During the Cretan revolt of 1878, only Spinalonga and the fortress at Ierapetra were not taken by the Christian Cretan insurgents. In 1881 the 1112 Ottomans formed their own community and later, in 1903, the last Turks left the island.</p><br>
<h3>20th century leper colony</h3><br>
<p>The island was subsequently used as a leper colony from 1903 to 1957. It is notable for being one of the last active leper colonies in Europe. The last inhabitant, a priest, left the island in 1962. This was to maintain the religious tradition of the Greek Orthodox church, in which a buried person has to be commemorated at following intervals of 40 days; 6 months; 1 year; 3 years; and 5 years, after their death. Other leper colonies that have survived Spinalonga include Tichileşti in Eastern Romania, Fontilles in Spain and Talsi in Latvia. As of 2002, few lazarettos remain in Europe.</p><br>
<p>There were two entrances to Spinalonga, one being the lepers entrance, a tunnel known as "Dantes Gate". This was so named because the patients did not know what was going to happen to them once they arrived. However, once on the island they received food, water, medical attention and social security payments. Previously, such amenities had been unavailable to Cretes leprosy patients, as they mostly lived in the areas caves, away from civilization.</p><br>
<h2>Spinalonga today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the uninhabited island is a popular tourist attraction in Crete. In addition to the abandoned leper colony and the fortress, Spinalonga is known for its small pebble beaches and shallow waters. The island can easily be accessed from Plaka, Elounda and Agios Nikolaos. Tourist boats depart from all three towns on a daily basis (every 30 minutes from Elounda). There is no accommodation on Spinalonga, meaning all tours last only a few hours. Boat trips from Elounda take approximately 25 minutes while trips departing Agios Nikolaos can take almost an hour. Round trip fare from Plaka is 8 Euro, from Elounda 10 Euro. Entrance to the island costs 8 Euro/adult.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Spinalonga featured in the British television series Who Pays the Ferryman? and Werner Herzogs experimental short film Last Words. It is the (unnamed) setting of Ali Smiths short story The Touching of Wood (in Free Love and Other Stories, 1995). It is also the setting for the 2005 novel The Island by Victoria Hislop, the story of a family&#39;s ties to the leper colony; the book was adapted for television in the television series To Nisi by Mega Channel Greece.</p><br>
<p>The short story "Spinalonga" by John Ware, about a tourist group that visits the island, was included in the 13th Pan Book of Horror.</p><br>
<p>The French Quarter of Charleston, South Carolina, is a section of downtown Charleston. It is considered to be bounded by the Cooper River on the east, Broad Street on the south, Meeting Street on the west, and Market Street on the north. The French Quarter is basically within the original "walled" city of Charleston. The area began being called the French Quarter in 1973 when preservation efforts began for warehouse buildings on the Lodge Alley block. The name recognizes the high concentration of French merchants in the area&#39;s history. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was settled as part of the original Grande Modell of Charles Towne in 1680. It is famous for its art galleries; it also has many restaurants and places of commerce as well as Charleston&#39;s Waterfront Park.</p><br>
<p>Charlestons French Quarter is home to many fine historic buildings, among them, the Pink House Tavern, built around 1712, and the Old Slave Mart, built by Z.B. Oakes in 1859. Also in the French Quarter are the Dock Street Theatre, arguably the first site of theatrical productions in the United States, and the French Huguenot Church, a beautiful Gothic Revival church which houses the sole-surviving French Calvinist Congregation in the United States. St. Philips Episcopal Church, the first congregation in Charleston, whose current building dates to 1835, is also in the French Quarter. St. Philip&#39;s graveyard is the final resting place of Edward Rutledge, the youngest signer of the Declaration of Independence, and USA Senator and Vice President John C. Calhoun, whose body was exumed during the Civil War and buried near the church in an unmarked grave. Later, after the war, his body was moved back to its original location and a memorial constructed in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The Gomantong Caves are an intricate cave system inside Gomantong Hill in Sandakan Division, Sabah, Malaysia. The hill is the largest limestone outcrop in the Lower Kinabatangan area. Situated in a Sabah Forestry Department forest reserve, the caves and the surrounding area are a protected area for wildlife, especially orangutans. The limestone hill is also the only known site for the endangered land snail Plectostoma mirabile. Investigation of the guano deposits were first made in 1889 by J.H. Allard of the China Borneo Company, and the caves were first mapped by P. Orolfo in 1930. Detailed re-mapping and laser-scanning of the caves was conducted in 2012 and July 2014.</p><br>
<p>The bat population is dominated by a colony of the wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat, Chaerephon plicatus, whose nightly exodus is a popular tourist attraction. The population size, which has been widely exaggerated in the past, was counted at between 275,000 and 276,000 in 2012. There are also bat hawks that linger not far from the scene and prey specifically on the bats as they leave their roost.</p><br>
<h2>Bird nest harvesting</h2><br>
<p>For centuries, the caves have been renowned for their valuable edible swiftlet nests, which are harvested for birds nest soup. The most valuable of the nests, the white ones, can sell for very high prices. The birds nest collection is an ancient tradition, and the trading of these nests has been done since at least 500 AD. Twice a year, from February to April and July to September, locals with licenses climb to the roof of the caves, using only rattan ladders, ropes, and bamboo poles, and collect the nests. The first collection takes place early in the breeding season before the swiftlets lay their eggs. The birds then make another nest in which they finally lay their eggs. After the young have fledged, the second collection is made. Care must be taken to assure that the nests are collected only after the young swiftlets have abandoned these nests. These individuals are very much in demand by the people and communities that hold the Governments harvesting licenses. Edible birds nests are protected under the Wildlife Conservation Enactment of 1997. Heavy fines and penalties are imposed on unlicensed collectors.</p><br>
<h2>Caves accessibility</h2><br>
<p>The main cave system is divided into two parts: the more accessible Simud Hitam (Black Cave), and the larger Simud Putih (White Cave) which lies above. The names refer to the main type of nests produced by swiftlets in each cave. The cave system is home to many other animals, including massive populations of cockroaches and bats. Outside one can see many raptors including crested serpent eagles, kingfishers, and Asian fairy-bluebirds. Access is in the form of a wooden walkway circuiting the interior.</p><br>
<h3>Simud Hitam</h3><br>
<p>Simud Hitam (Black Cave) is the more accessible of the two caves, only a few minutes&#39; walk from the entrance building, and it is open to the general public. Its ceiling can reach 40–60 meters high. It is the source of the less-valuable "black saliva" nests. These contain both feathers and saliva and require cleaning afterwards.</p><br>
<h3>Simud Putih</h3><br>
<p>Simud Putih (White Cave) is the larger of the two caves, and also the more technical; it is not open to the general public, and access requires appropriate caving equipment and experience. It is where the more valuable "white saliva" nests of the swiftlets are found, and is reached by a steep 30 minute climb further up the mountains. The main entrance is located above and adjacent to the main "lighthole" at the back of Simud Hitam.</p><br>
<p>High Rigg is a small fell located in the English Lake District, approximately three miles southeast of the town of Keswick. It occupies an unusual position, surrounded on all sides by higher fells but not connected by any obvious ridge. This separation from its fellows ensures that it is a Marilyn .</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>High Rigg is strictly the continuation of the ridge running up the western shore of Thirlmere, whose high point is Raven Crag. This forms the watershed between the Shoulthwaite and Thirlmere/ Vale of St John systems. The depression between High Rigg and Raven Crag to the south — at only around 550 ft — is at Smaithwaite, just south of the A591 Keswick to Ambleside road.</p><br>
<p>High Rigg resembles a model of the Lakeland Fells in miniature, complete with crags, intermediate tops, tarns and even a pass crossing the ridge halfway along, complete with church. The northern and southern aspects of the fell are largely grassed and gently rolling, in contrast to the western and eastern flanks which are steep with numerous rocky outcroppings and cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Travelling south to north the main features are Wren Crag (1,020 ft), overlooking the Vale of St John, Yew Crag (1,000 ft) facing west and then two tops at 1,125 ft and 1,171 ft respectively. The ridge then falls to the pass and St John&#39;s church, before rising again to Low Rigg (836 ft). Finally comes Tewet Tarn as the ridge falls away to the river Greta. Also known as Tewfit Tarn, this shallow pool stands on a shelf, overlooked by higher rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology of the ridge is complex with much small scale faulting. Gravel and scree overlay much of the fell which lies between two branches of the Coniston Fault, with the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation beneath. Low Rigg exhibits intrusions of microgranite to the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit has a cairn set on an outcrop and commands a fine view of the surrounding fells. The giants of Skiddaw and Blencathra dominate the view to the north, and Clough Head and the Helvellyn range the view east. Thirlmere is visible to the south and Bleaberry Fell to the west, over which the Scafell group can be seen on a clear day.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The hill may be climbed in a short twenty-minute walk from the Church of St Johns in the Vale. It only involves about 120 m (400 ft) of climb and is one of the shortest ascents in the Lakes. Alternatively, a traverse of the fells three mile (5 km) long ridge may be made, starting at Tewit Tarn and finishing near Shoulthwaite.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The word Rigg is from the Old English language and means a bumpy fell or ridge.</p><br>
<p>Tromsdalstinden  is a mountain southeast of the city of Tromsø in Troms county, Norway. The mountain is located at the southern end of the Tromsdalen valley. The summit measures 1,238 m above sea level. Snowfall varies from one year to another, but the peak is usually snow free only for a few months in the summer. The mountain is easily spotted from the city centre of Tromsø. The summit is a popular hike, requiring nothing more than good shoes, normal physical condition, and plenty to drink.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Norwegian name Tromsdalstinden means "the peak above Tromsdalen", while the Sámi name is made up from the components Sálaš and Oaivi. The first word signifies a good hunting area, the second literally translates as "head" but when speaking of landscapes indicate a mountain that is rounded, i.e. does not have any jagged peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Skiing and hiking</h2><br>
<p>Hikers may summit Tromsdalstinden either from the suburb Tromsdalen, or from Ramfjorden. The slopes up are not technically difficult, though fog and rain can make the ascent complicated for those not familiar with the terrain. When approaching the mountain from the southeast (Ramfjorden), though, hikers and skiers must at one point move over the southwestern or northwestern (city-facing) sides of the mountain as the mountain becomes too steep. The best season for hiking is May through September. Skiers usually take the Fjellheisen aerial tramway to Storsteinen, and begin their ascent from there. There are two main treks, the Winter trek and the Summer trek.</p><br>
<h3>The Winter trek</h3><br>
<p>A ski trip that starts on the southwest side of the mountain (on the right in the pictures) which is called Salen (the Saddle). When descending, skiers zig-zag down from the top until they reach the minor lake Tromsdalsvannet (nor.) or Moskojávri (sám.) in the innermost part of the Tromsdalen valley.</p><br>
<h3>The Summer trek</h3><br>
<p>A hike that starts on the zig-zag trek used to descend when skiing. On the way back, hikers follow the narrow northeastern ridge of the mountain (left on the pictures). The descent route at one point takes you quite close to the steep drop behind the mountain, and as such may not be suitable for hikers prone to vertigo. For such hikers, it is perhaps a better recommendation to go back the way they came.</p><br>
<h3>Straight up</h3><br>
<p>Also, it is possible to ascend from the northwest, i.e. straight up from the valley. Hikers then start at the Nerloftet (a low plateau above the Tromsdalen valley), proceed to the half-way stop Loftet (a protruding part of the mountain facing the city), and then go straight up. When the mountain becomes too steep to keep going straight, you go upwards to the right until youre on the winter route&#39; (the right slope). The names of these points mean, respectively, the Lower Attic and the Attic. This route is quite steep and thus demanding, but safe - although some rocks may be slippery, or loose, so one should be careful.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy over Sámi cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 Tromsø applied to host the 2014 Winter Olympics. The proposal to the International Olympic Committee featured plans to build an alpine skiing facility on the slopes of the mountain. This sparked immediate protests from some Sami activists who claimed that Tromsdaltinden has been a Sami sacred mountain since ancient times. A heated debate ensued over whether Tromsdalstinden could be considered "holy" or not.</p><br>
<p>The Sami Parliament enacted a resolution declaring it a holy mountain in 2004, and the plans were discontinued. The Sámi Parliament does not in fact have any formal authority to declare objects sacred, but their resolution was listened to anyway. Lawyers in the aftermath discussed the possibility of defining a mountain as a cultural relic according to the definition of "cultural relic" in the law.</p><br>
<p>Professor Siv Ellen Kraft from the department of Religious Studies, University of Tromsø wrote an article suggesting that Tromsdalstind was made a holy mountain in recent times as a part of sami identity politics. However, the mountain is also reckoned by Sámi people in the region to have been sacred at one point, before Christianization. It should be noted hear that the mountain bears the significant feature of a traditional sacred mountain - i.e. that it dominates the landscape due to shape and/or height. As the classic Sámi religion is dead and only elements survive through local vestiges and neo-shamanism; a good case can be made that the mountain is no longer sacred to most Sámi in the traditional sense. Still, the level of commitment to the preserving the mountain shown by the Sámi - up to the point of having the Sámi parliament pronounce it sacred - quite effectively display the intense cultural significance of the mountain to modern Sámi also, a significance which is indeed rooted in the religious traditions of ones ancestors.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst, also known as the Jay Gould estate, is a Gothic Revival country house that sits in its own 67 acre park beside the Hudson River in Tarrytown, New York, about a half mile south of the Tappan Zee Bridge on US 9. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed in 1838 by Alexander Jackson Davis, the house was owned in succession by New York City mayor William Paulding, Jr., merchant George Merritt, and railroad tycoon Jay Gould. In 1961, Gould&#39;s daughter Anna Gould donated it to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. It is now open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The house was first named "Knoll", although critics quickly dubbed it "Paulding&#39;s Folly" because of its unusual design that includes fanciful turrets and asymmetrical outline. Its limestone exterior was quarried at Sing Sing in present day Ossining, New York.</p><br>
<p>The second owner, Merritt, doubled the houses size in 1864-1865 and renamed it "Lyndenhurst" for the estates linden trees. His new north wing added an imposing four-story tower, new porte-cochere (the old one was reworked as a glass-walled vestibule) and a new dining room, two bedrooms, and servants&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<p>Gould purchased the property in 1880 for use as a country house, shortened its name to "Lyndhurst" and occupied it until his death in 1892.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Unlike later mansions along the Hudson River, Lyndhurst&#39;s rooms are few and of a more modest scale, and strongly Gothic in character. Hallways are narrow, windows small and sharply arched, and ceilings are fantastically peaked, vaulted, and ornamented. The effect is at once gloomy, somber, and highly romantic; the large, double-height art gallery provides a contrast of light and space.</p><br>
<p>The house sits within a park, designed in the English naturalistic style by Ferdinand Mangold, whom Merritt hired. He drained the surrounding swamps, created lawns, planted specimen trees, and built the conservatory. The resultant landscape was the first such park along the Hudson River. It provides an outstanding example of 19th-century landscape design, with rolling lawns accented with shrubs and specimen trees, a curving entrance drive that reveals "surprise" views, and a remarkably large (390 ft) steel-framed conservatory, the first in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>ABCs holiday television film The Halloween That Almost Wasnt (1979), a.k.a. The Night Dracula Saved the World, was shot here. The scenes were used as the backdrop for both Count Dracula and the Witch&#39;s castle. It later aired on the Disney Channel during its Halloween season, until the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was the set for the movies House of Dark Shadows (1970) and Night of Dark Shadows (1971), both based on the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows.</p><br>
<p>Director Sidney Lumet used Lyndhurst as a film location twice: for Reversal of Fortune (1990) and Gloria (1999).</p><br>
<p>The History Channel&#39;s The Men Who Built America filmed at Lyndhurst in the summer of 2012.</p><br>
<p>Winter&#39;s Tale (2013) was filmed at Lyndhurst in January 2013.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was featured on Season 1, Episode 3 of Travel Channel&#39;s Castle Secrets & Legends series (original airdate February 9, 2014).</p><br>
<p>Lyndhurst was also used as a filming location for ABC&#39;s Forever in 2014, using the cottage on the property for exterior shots.</p><br>
<p>Lyndhursts landscape, bowling alley, and mansion interior were used as a filming location for NBCs The Blacklist, starring James Spader.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Lifetime series Project Runway filmed an episode at Lyndhurst, challenging the designers to draw inspiration from the exteriors and gardens.</p><br>
<p>Corycus  was an ancient city in Cilicia Trachaea, Anatolia, located at the mouth of the valley called Şeytan deresi; the site is now occupied by the town of Kızkalesi , Mersin Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>The city</h2><br>
<p>Strabo does not mention a town of Corycus, but reports a promontory so called at the location, but a town Corycus is mentioned by Livy (xxxiii. 20), and by Pliny (v. 27), and Pomponius Mela (i. 13), and Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Κώρυκος). In antiquity, Corycus was an important harbor and commercial town. It was the port of Seleucia, where, in 191 BCE, the fleet of Antiochus the Great was defeated by the Romans. In the Roman times it preserved its ancient laws; the emperors usually kept a fleet there to watch over the pirates. Corycus was also a mint in antiquity and some of its coins survive.</p><br>
<p>Corycus was controlled by the Byzantine Empire. Justinian I restored the public baths and a hospital. The admiral Eustathios Kymineianos re-fortified the island on the orders of Alexios I Komnenos at the beginning of the 12th century, adding a supplementary castle on a small island. This castle was later called "maidens castle", because it was told that a king held his daughter here in captivity until she was killed by a venomous snake. It was prophesied she would die by a snake bite. So she was taken to the sea castle to protect her, but a serpent was taken by basket to the castle, she was bitten and died. Corycus was conquered by the Armenians soon after it was rebuilt by the Byzantines.</p><br>
<p>Until the mid-14th century the Armenians held both the mainland and island castles, which guarded this strategic port for the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Simon, the Baron of Koŕikos, attended the coronation of King Levon I in 1198/99. Subsequent Armenian nobles maintained authority in the area (with a few brief interruptions) until 1360, when Peter I, the King of Cypress, removed the Mamelukes and assumed suzerainty. In the late 14th century it fell again to the Turks. From 1448 or 1454 it belonged alternately to the Karamanids, the Egyptians, the Karamanids a second time, and finally to the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological surveys published in 1982 and 1987 found that the Armenians maintained (with occasional repairs) the mainland castle’s simple Byzantine plan with its rectangular double walls, square towers, and two chapels, all of which were built with masonry taken from the nearby late antique city. The only original Armenian construction is one small chapel. Kizkalesi (castle) on the island has the extensive remains of Armenian rebuilding. The island was once connected to the mainland fort by a breakwater.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the city are extensive. Among them are a triumphal arch, a necropolis with a beautiful Christian tomb, sarcophagi, etc. The two medieval castles, one on the shore, the other in an islet, connected by a ruined pier, are partially preserved; the former was reputed impregnable. The walls of the castle on the mainland contain many pieces of columns; and a mole of great unhewn rocks projects from one angle of the fortress about a hundred yards across the bay. Three churches are also found, one decorated with frescoes. The walls of the ancient city may still be traced, and there appear to be sufficient remains to invite a careful examination of the spot.</p><br>
<p>The city figures in the Synecdemus of Hierocles, and in a Notitia Episcopatuum of about 840. The bishopric of Corycus was a suffragan of Tarsus, the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia Prima, to which Corycus belonged. Of the bishops of the see, Germanus was at the First Council of Constantinople in 381; Sallustius took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431 and a synod held in Tarsus in 434, and was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by his metropolitan bishop Theodorus, who signed the acts of the council on his behalf; Archelaus went to a synod called by Patriarch Menas of Constantinople in 536; Cyprianus was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553; and Ioannes participated in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680 and the Trullan Council in 692. In the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, Corycus became the seat of Latin Church bishops, one of whom, named Gerardus, took part in a council at Antioch in 1136. No longer a residential bishopric, Corycus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>Two Armenian inscriptions that were discovered at the castles of Korykos were credited to its construction to Levon I and then to Hetum I.</p><br>
<h2>Corycian Cave</h2><br>
<p>In the Corycian Cave (now Cennet ve Cehennem), 20 stadia inland, says Strabo, the best crocus (saffron) grows. He describes this cave as a great hollow, of a circular form, surrounded by a margin of rock, on all sides of a considerable height; on descending into this cavity, the ground is found to be uneven and generally rocky, and it is filled with shrubs, both evergreen and cultivated; in some parts the saffron is cultivated: there is also a cave here which contains a large source, which pours forth a river of pure, pellucid water, but it immediately sinks into the earth, and flowing underground enters the sea: they call it the Bitter Water. Pomponius Mela (i.13) has a long description of the same place apparently from the same authority that Strabo followed, but more embellished. This place is probably on the top of the mountain above Corycus.</p><br>
<p>This place is famed in Greek mythology. It is the Cilician cave of Pindar (Pythian Ode i. 31), and of Aeschylus (Prom. Vinct. 350), and it is the lair of Zeus&#39; fiercest opponent, the monster Typhon or Typhoeus.</p><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya is a man-made lake situated in the municipalities of Lumban, Cavinti, and Kalayaan in Laguna province, Philippines. Created in 1939, the lake has developed as a popular spot for water sports and outdoor recreation including fishing. Surrounding the lake are a number of resorts catering to tourists and vacation homes abound because of the beautiful scenery and favorable climate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Lake creation</h3><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya was created after the construction of Caliraya Dam, an embankment dam started in 1939 by US Army Corps of Engineers Chief in the Philippines, Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Hugh J. Casey, with the approval of Philippine Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon. The Caliraya River was dammed at its outlet from a large flat plateau area providing a large water reservoir for generating hydroelectric power for Southern Luzon. The dam was over 100 ft high from which a diversion canal was constructed several miles to the head of a steep slope about 950 feet above Laguna de Bay. Large penstocks were constructed diverting water down to the powerhouse below, with tailrace to the bay. The high head permitted the use of high-speed turbines and generators at relatively low unit costs. Initial estimate for the project was $5 million, or 10 million pesos, and an output of 40,000 horsepower.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>During World War II, the dam was sabotaged by retreating Americans to prevent use by invading Japanese who rebuilt it, then, themselves sabotaged it as their own defeat approached. It was rebuilt and inaugurated in 1953 by the National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR). For his pioneering endeavors in this area, President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines in 1972 bestowed on Casey the honorary title of “the father of water power development in the Philippines.</p><br>
<h3>Development of the area</h3><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya was rediscovered in the early 60s by the Nieto and DePadua families who then popularized the lake to Manilas elite and expatriate communities. By the acquisition and consolidation of land titles surrounding the lake, they constructed a residential resort subdivision known as Sierra Lakes and the Dos Lagos Club for residents (now known as Lagos del Sol). Property values increased even more so when the main road to the lake was paved courtesy of a grant from the Japanese government and the refurbishing of the hydroelectric plant in 2004. Lake Caliraya eventually became a high-end neighborhood of vacation homes for the rich and famous.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s, Lake Calirayas surroundings were occupied by the local squatters and bandits posing as NPA New Peoples Army, which affected tourism and development. Nevertheless, since 1985, there has been major real estate developed with the construction of several small resorts and Caliraya Springs, a golf course and country club. Despite the proliferation of squatters on the roadside due to the negligence of government agencies such as the DPWH (Dept of Public Works and Highways) and Napocor (National Power Corporation), Caliraya continues to be a haven for the rich and the elite, with activities including largemouth bass fishing, wind surfing, kite boarding, wake boarding, jet skiing, water skiing, boating, golf, camping, and other sporting and recreational outdoor activities. Property values remain high, and a new generation of developments, both private and commercial, are slowly coming onstream.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geological phenomenon</h2><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya is situated approximately 1,200 feet above sea level, and is perched high in the Sierra Madre. The lake experiences cool climate all year round. Winds start blowing in Lake Caliraya from the beginning of September up to late May.</p><br>
<p>Lake Calirayas bottom, as well as the surrounding hills, are characterized by a reddish clay topsoil. The lakes floor has a very soft clay bottom. Local residents of the lake&#39;s surroundings still tell stories about certain areas in the lake that are reputed to have sucked boats down - an unfounded claim typical among superstitious locals.</p><br>
<h2>Lake surroundings and islands</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s surroundings have been compared to various North American resorts, as suggested by the abundance of pine trees which were introduced by some of the early developers to replace many of the coconut trees, as well as year-round cool climate, and verdant hills. Also, numerous islands of various shapes and sizes have been formed during the creation of the dam lake. All are unnamed. The biggest island is approximately as big as Rizal Park, while the smallest is actually a sandbar about 3 square meters often submerged during high water. This tiny island can be viewed from Lagos del Sol Resort.</p><br>
<h2>Bass fishing</h2><br>
<p>The early developers (Kalaw, Nieto and the de Padua families) seeded the lake with largemouth bass, and through the years, the lake has remained the most popular bass fishing spot in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Resorts</h2><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya is well known as the Bass fishing capital of the Philippines and a windsurfing haven for Manilans.</p><br>
<p>Caliraya Resort: Bgy. East Talaungan, Cavinti, Laguna. Facing Cavinti town (Direction of east).</p><br>
<p>Lake Caliraya Country Club: Bgy. Lewin, Lumban, Laguna. Facing Kalayaan town (Direction of north).</p><br>
<p>Caliraya Re-Creation Center: Bgy. Lewin, Lumban, Laguna. Facing Kalayaan town (Direction of north).</p><br>
<p>Caliraya Hilltop: Bgy. Caliraya, Lumban, Laguna. Facing Cavinti town (Direction of south).</p><br>
<p>Lagos del Sol: Bgy. Kanluran Talaongan Cavinti, Laguna. Facing Kalayaan town (Direction of north).</p><br>
<p>Gyaros , also locally known as Gioura , is an arid and unpopulated Greek island in the northern Cyclades near the islands of Andros and Tinos, with an area of 23 km&sup2;. It is a part of the municipality of Ano Syros, which lies primarily on the island of Syros. This and other small islands of the Aegean Sea served as places of exile for important persons in the early Roman empire. The extremity of its desolation was proverbial among Roman authors, such as Tacitus and Juvenal. It was a place of exile for leftist political dissidents in Greece from 1948 until 1974. At least 22,000 people were exiled or imprisoned on the island during that time. It is an island of great ecological importance as it hosts the largest population of monk seal in the Mediterranean.</p><br>
<h2>Mythology and early history</h2><br>
<p>The pseudo-Aristotelian work On Marvellous Things Heard (25) recounts the tale that on Gyaros the mice eat iron.</p><br>
<p>In the Aeneid of Virgil, Gyaros and Mykonos are said to be the two islands to which the god Apollo tied the holy island of Delos to stop its wandering over the Aegean Sea.</p><br>
<p>In his recounting of the myth of the war between Minos and Aegeus, the king of Athens, the poet Ovid speaks of Gyaros as one island that refused to join the campaign of the Cretan king.</p><br>
<p>In 29 BC, the historian and geographer Strabo had an extended stay on the island, on his way to Corinth.</p><br>
<p>In the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder wrote in his Natural History that the island, which had a city, was 15 mi in circumference and lay 62 mi from Andros. He also records that the inhabitants of Gyaros were once put to flight by (a plague of) mice.ex Gyara Cycladum insula incolas a muribus fugatos (NH 8.104).</p><br>
<p>The visitors of the island can see many small pieces of pottery on the ground mostly in the river bed of the northern most and bigger mini valley where was the prisoners camp and its headquarters. No archaeological excavations have been conducted up to the year 2007. It is significant to note that there are remains of narrow terraces along the slopes of the easter part of the island, proving that some rudimentary agriculture was driven in the past. Probably as back as the Prehistoric times used as refuge in times of raides by invading forces as well as the Roman times and later. The island is also mentioned by the Roman orator Cicero, and other notable Latin authors, indicating a broad awareness of Gyaros among the educated elite of the 1st century BC to the 2nd century AD.</p><br>
<h2>Exile island during the early Roman Empire</h2><br>
<p>The island (Gyaros or Gyara) also served as a place of exile during the early Roman Empire. Writing in the early 2nd century AD, the Roman historian Tacitus records that, when Silanus, the proconsul of the province of Asia was accused of extortion and treason, and it had been proposed in the Roman Senate that he be exiled to Gyaros, the Roman Emperor Tiberius allowed him to be sent to the nearby island of Kythnos instead, since Gyaros was "harsh and devoid of human culture" (Annales 3.68-69). When confronted with another recommendation to exile a defendant to Gyaros, Tiberius once more declined, noting that the island was deficient in water, and that those granted their lives ought to be granted the means to live (4.30). The defendant was allowed to go into exile on Amorgos instead. The Roman poet Juvenal, a near-contemporary of Tacitus, mentions this island twice in his Satires: first as a place of exile for particularly vile criminals (1.73), and second as a symbol of claustrophobic imprisonment (10.170). In the second reference, Juvenal compares the restlessness of Alexander the Great to that of a man imprisoned:</p><br>
<p>Under emperor Nero, the philosopher Musonius Rufus was charged guilty for his participation in the Pisonian conspiracy and was banished to Gyara.</p><br>
<h2>Exile island during the 20th century</h2><br>
<p>There is a red brick prison building which during the years 1948 to 1953 held approximately 10,000 men in custody due to their participation in the Greek Resistance organization Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo (EAM). Many of them were also involved in the Greek civil war (1945–1949). Jehovah&#39;s Witnesses were also sentenced to exile there as being Christian conscientious objectors.</p><br>
<p>The prison was used again during the years 1957 to 1964 and during the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. The structures are decaying due to weathering, and no maintenance is conducted. In four separate places north of the prison building, there are also the ruins of the camps where the men lived in tents, both summer and winter. Once a year, the men and women who are alive and in good health (most of them were born between the 1910s and 1930s) who were formerly imprisoned on the island for their political views, pay tribute by visiting the island and hold a ceremony in the cemetery of the men who left their last breath on this island.</p><br>
<p>The Greek government used the island as a target range for the Hellenic Navy until the year 2000. Currently the island is off-limits for the general public and approaching or fishing in close proximity is forbidden by the coast guard.</p><br>
<p>The Wachusett Reservoir is the second largest body of water in the state of Massachusetts. It is located in central Massachusetts, northeast of Worcester. It is part of the water supply system for metropolitan Boston maintained by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority . It has an aggregate capacity of 65 e9USgal and an area of almost 7 square miles . Water from the Wachusett flows to the covered Norumbega Storage Facility via the Cosgrove Tunnel and the MetroWest Water Supply Tunnel. The reservoir has a maximum depth of 120 feet  and a mean depth of 48 feet .</p><br>
<p>The reservoir serves as both an intermediate storage reservoir for water from the Quabbin Reservoir as well as a water source itself as it is also fed by its own watershed. The reservoir is fed by the Quinapoxet, and Stillwater rivers, along with the Quabbin Aqueduct, which carries water from the Quabbin Reservoir. It is part of the Nashua River Watershed and is the headwaters of the Nashua River. Because it is an intermediate storage reservoir, its water levels are kept relatively constant while the Quabbin Reservoir fluctuates based on precipitation and demand. At times when the Wachusett Reservoir becomes high due to its own watershed producing a large amount of runoff such as during snow melting, the flow from the Quabbin is shut off and water from the Ware River flows backwards down the Quabbin Aqueduct into the Quabbin Reservoir for storage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1897, the Nashua River above the town of Clinton was impounded by the Wachusett Dam; 4,380 acres (17.5 km²) were flooded in the towns of Boylston, West Boylston, Clinton, and Sterling. Work was completed in 1905 and the reservoir first filled in May 1908. Its water was originally delivered to the Sudbury Reservoir via the Wachusett Aqueduct, with the Cosgrove Tunnel (completed in 1965) providing redundancy. Interconnections at the Sudbury Reservoir eventually delivered the water to the Weston Reservoir via the Weston Aqueduct; these downstream facilities were relegated to backup roles in the late 20th and early 21st century by the construction of the MetroWest Water Supply Tunnel and covered storage facilities.</p><br>
<p>West Boylston&#39;s prominent landmark—The Old Stone Church—was left remaining as a reminder of those that lost their homes and jobs to the building of the reservoir. It is one of the most photographed sites in the area.</p><br>
<p>When it was built, the Wachusett Reservoir was the largest public water supply reservoir in the world and the largest body of water in Massachusetts. It has since been surpassed by the Quabbin Reservoir (see that article for a history of reservoir building in Massachusetts).</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and fishing</h2><br>
<p>Because the reservoir is the water supply for Boston, not all areas around it are open to the public. Regulations designed to ensure pure water include the prohibiting of boats, ice fishing, wading, swimming, overnight camping, alcoholic beverages, littering, animals, bikes, and motor vehicles from the reservoir and abutting property. These regulations are controversial to recreation and fishing proponents, who argue the rules are not needed to protect water quality. A network of fire roads provides easy access for hikers and cross-country skiers.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, the reservoir contained 12 native and 12 introduced species of fish. The limited access, combined with abundant, high-quality habitat, produced state records for brown trout, land-locked salmon, smallmouth bass, and white perch. Approximately 80% of the 37 mile (59.5 km) shoreline is usually open to angling from April 1 through November 30, depending on ice conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Baldwin House, also known as the Loammi Baldwin Mansion, is a fine Colonial American mansion located at 2 Alfred Street in Woburn, Massachusetts. On October 7, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is currently a restaurant called Sichuan Garden. There was debate about using the property as a restaurant but ultimately the plans were approved as being sufficiently respectful of the historical nature of the site.</p><br>
<p>The historic 1790 House was across the Middlesex Canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Baldwin House was built in 1661 by Henry Baldwin, one of Woburn&#39;s first settlers, making this building the oldest home in Woburn. In 1803 his great-grandson, noted engineer Col. Loammi Baldwin, greatly enlarged the house to its current form. (This younger Baldwin, known as the Father of American Civil Engineering, created the Middlesex Canal, and lent his name to the Baldwin apple, discovered nearby.) At that time its grounds were 212 acre in extent. On the south, between the house and the canal, was formerly a beautiful garden, with walks and trees, superior to anything in the region. All traces have long since disappeared under suburban sprawl.</p><br>
<p>All told, six generations of Baldwins lived in the house, as documented in John Farmers Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England: Henry Baldwin from 1661 to 1697; Henry Baldwin, son of the above; then James Baldwin; Loammi Baldwin, son of James, to 1807; he put on a third story. Benjamin F. Baldwin, 1807 to 1822; Loammi, Mary, and Clarissa Baldwin, from 1822 to 1836. George R. Baldwin from 1836 to November, 1887 (or to death, October 11, 1888.) After leaving the familys ownership it became a boarding house, within which resided Baldwin family members until the 1930s, and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The house is nearly cubical in form, three stories tall, with false ashlar front facade and clapboarding elsewhere, full-height pilasters at the corners, and a balustrade above the eaves. The entry door is ornamented with a classic pediment and lights, and further graced by an elegant Palladian window above. In West Baldwin, Maine one can see a copy of the Baldwin house built by Loammi Baldwin for Josiah Pierce also referred to as "Baldwin house".</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the house was moved to its current site to make way for expansion of a supermarket shopping area, immediately adjacent to the Middlesex Canal, from its original location just west of Main Street at the Route 128 rotary (now commercial sprawl). Remnants of the canal can still be seen near the original home site and adjacent to the Showcase Cinemas parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Lake Puma Yumco  is a lake located at 5,030 metres  above mean sea level on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It is 32 km long, 14 km wide, and covers an area of. Streams of water from the snow-capped surrounding mountains feed the lake, but the lake has no outlet. Some sediment can be seen entering the lake at its western end.</p><br>
<p>Puma Yumco literally means The Blue Jewel which is floating in the sky. The lake freezes in winter and is crossed by shepherds with their sheep. Since the climate is warming, the ice is becoming thinner and thus creates a problem for the 120 people living off and around the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is considered ultraoligotrophic, meaning that nutrient concentrations in both the water column and lake sediments are extremely low. Water in such lakes tends to be blue to blue-green and to have high clarity due to low levels of photosynthesizing organisms such as phytoplankton.</p><br>
<p>During the winter, the lake develops intricate ice block patterns on the surface, ranging from less than ten to hundreds of metres in diameter. The ice pattern is caused by repeated cycles of freezing, fracturing, and refreezing of the ice due to variations in temperature and wind-induced ice motion.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Yamdrok Lake  is a freshwater lake in Tibet, it is one of the three largest sacred lakes in Tibet. It is over 72 km long. The lake is surrounded by many snow-capped mountains and is fed by numerous small streams. The lake has an outlet stream at its far western end and means turquoise in English due to its color.</p><br>
<p>Around 90 km to the west of the lake lies the Tibetan town of Gyantse and Lhasa is a hundred km to the northeast. According to local mythology, Yamdok Yumtso lake is the transformation of a goddess.</p><br>
<p>The Yamdrok Hydropower Station was completed and dedicated in 1996 near the small village of Baidi at the lake’s western end. This power station is the largest in Tibet.</p><br>
<h2>Physical data</h2><br>
<p>The lake (638 km² in area, 30 meters average depth and 60 meters at its deepest) is fan-shaped, spreading to the south but narrowing up to the north. The mountainous lakeshore is highly crenellated, with numerous bays and inlets. Lake Yamdrok freezes in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>Like mountains, lakes are considered sacred by Tibetan people, the principle being that they are the dwelling places of protective deities and therefore invested with special spiritual powers. Yamdrok Lake is one of four particularly holy lakes, thought to be divinatory; everyone from the Dalai Lama to local villagers makes pilgrimages there. It is considered sacred as one of the four "Great Wrathful Lakes" guarded by the goddess Dorje Gegkyi Tso. The others such lakes are Lhamo La-tso, Namtso and Manasarovar. The lake is revered as a talisman and is said to be part of the life-spirit of Tibet. The largest lake in southern Tibet, it is said that if its waters dry, Tibet will no longer be habitable.</p><br>
<p>The lake, its islands, and the surrounding area are closely associated with Padmasambhava, the Second Buddha, who brought Buddhism to Tibet in 8th century AD. The lake is home to the famous Samding Monastery which is on a peninsula jutting into the lake. This monastery is the only Tibetan monastery to be headed by a female re-incarnation. Since it is not a nunnery, its female abbot heads a community of about thirty monks and nuns. Samding Monastery is where Samding Dorje Phagmo, the most important female incarnate Lama in Tibet, stayed and presided, and stands to the south of Lake Yamdrok Yumtso.</p><br>
<p>Today, both pilgrims and tourists can be seen walking along the lakes perimeter. One of the lakes islands contains an old fort or castle called Pede Dzong.</p><br>
<h2>Economic significance</h2><br>
<p>There are shoals of fish living in Yamdrok Lake, which are commercially exploited by local population. From April to October, fish caught from this lake are sold at markets in Lhasa, Tibet&#39;s capital.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, the lake&#39;s islands serve as rich pasture land to local herdsmen.</p><br>
<p>The Union Station of Louisville, Kentucky is a historic railroad station that serves as offices for the Transit Authority of River City, as it has since mid-April 1980 after receiving a year-long restoration costing approximately $2 million. It was one of three union stations in Kentucky, the other two being in Paducah and Owensboro. It superseded previous, smaller, railroad depots located in Louisville, most notably one located at Tenth and Maple in 1868-1869, and another L&N station built in 1858. The station was formally opened on September 7, 1891 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. There was a claim made at the time that it was the largest railroad station in the Southern United States, covering forty acres .</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the station began in 1880, but completion was delayed until 1889 due to rising costs totaling at $310,656.47. Local contractors constructed all but the clock tower. Architect F. W. Mowbray was specifically hired for the project, which was to reflect the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture. Its exterior was made of limestone ashlar, mostly from Bowling Green, Kentucky, although that from Bedford, Indiana was used for its trim. The roof was made of a slate covering protecting iron and heavy wood. Architectural features include a clock tower, smaller towers, turrets, a facade of considerable size, and barreled vaulting.</p><br>
<p>The interior was no less impressive. The atrium, dining, and ladies&#39; retiring rooms on the first floor were quite spacious. A wrought iron balcony overlooked the atrium. Soft lighting of the facility came from rose-colored windows on both sides of the atrium. The walls were made of marble from Georgia, as well as oak and southern pine. Ceramic tiles covered the floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Union Station provided the entrance to Louisville for many visitors, with its height being the 1920s, when it served 58 trains a day. As a Union Station, it served not only the L&N railroad, but also the Monon Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Louisville, Henderson, & St. Louis, the latter eventually merging with the L&N. Many of those traveling to the Kentucky Derby would use the Union Station as their first place of celebration, with twenty special trains coming to the facility, and Pullman cars allowing overnight accommodations, a trend that continued until the mid-1960s.</p><br>
<p>Three separate United States presidents arrived in Louisville by Union Station. The lobby was once graced by a performance by Sarah Bernhardt.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1905, a fire occurred in the facility. The structure was unusable until it reopened the following December. A temporary structure was used in its place during the restoration. The rose-colored windows were replaced due to the fire with an 84-paneled stained glass skylight that became a feature of the barrel-vaulting tower. The Ohio River flood of 1937 also saw the structure close for twelve days.</p><br>
<p>Amtrak used the facility regularly from May 1971 until October 1976, when it began running the Floridian in conjunction with the Auto-Train from a suburban station near Louisville International Airport. From December 4, 2001 to July 4, 2003, a track on the west side of the parking lot served Amtrak&#39;s Kentucky Cardinal.</p><br>
<p>L&N would eventually sell Union Station to TARC, which spent two million dollars from 1979 to 1980 to restore it. Since then it has served as administration offices for TARC.</p><br>
<p>In October 2010, TARC announced plans to use a grant from the USA Department of Transportation to restore all 278 windows at the 120-year-old Union Station, including 40 made of stained glass. Union Station will also get a new geothermal-energy system. Combined with the window restoration, TARC estimates its energy savings will be $58,000 per year.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hashenge  is a lake in the southern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Ethiopian highlands at an elevation of 2409 meters, it has no outlet. According to the Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68, Lake Ashenge is five kilometers long and four wide, with a surface area of 20 square kilometers.</p><br>
<p>The British explorer Henry Salt, who notes that the Tigrinya name of the lake is Tsada Bahri ("White Sea") from the number of birds which cover its surface, records a local tradition that a large city once stood on the site of Ashenge, but "it was destroyed, in his displeasure, by the immediate hand of God."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1542, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the leader of the Somali Adal Sultanate, advanced upon the Portuguese stockade near Wofla on the southern side of Ashenge, where he fought the Battle of Wofla and prevailed, afterwards capturing and killing the leader Cristóvão da Gama.</p><br>
<p>Another notable battle that took place on the shores of this lake was the Battle of Lake Ashenge on 9 October 1909, when Dejazmach Abate Bwalu defeated the rebel forces of Dejazmach Abraha Araya.</p><br>
<p>On 3 April 1936, thousands of soldiers of the Ethiopian Empire were killed with poison gas all around Lake Ashenge. The soldiers were withdrawing from the Battle of Maychew during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. As they withdrew, the Italians sprayed and bombed the area around the lake with mustard gas to deadly effect. On 4 April, Emperor Haile Selassie I looked with despair upon the horrific sight of the dead bodies of his army ringing the poisoned lake.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside  is an historic house on 10 acres  along the Hudson River, in Tarrytown, New York. It was the home of the noted American author Washington Irving, best known for his short stories, such as "Rip Van Winkle"  and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" . This cottage-like estate, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, reflects Dutch Colonial Revival, Scottish Gothic, and Tudor Revival influences, with its instantly recognizable wisteria-covered entrance and jagged crow-stepped gable.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In some sense, Sunnyside began almost 200 years before Irving with Wolfert Acker (sometimes spelled Wolfert Eckert), a Dutch-American inhabitant of the region. His property, "Wolferts Roost", was part of the Manor of Philipsburg. Among other buildings, Wolferts Roost contained a simple two-room stone tenant farmhouse, built around 1690.</p><br>
<p>The property came into the hands of the Van Tassel family, who were married into the Eckert family and owned it until 1802. That year, 150 acre were deeded to the family of Benson Ferris, one-time clerk of the Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, whose wife, Maria Acker, was a descendant of Wolfert Acker&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, Washington Irving visited his nephew Oscar Irving who lived near the old stone farmhouse. Irving had recently undertaken a substantial trip through the prairies of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers, and the frontier lifestyle made him lament his lack of a home of his own. He was also frustrated because he had lived most of his adult life as a guest in other people&#39;s homes. As Irving wrote, he was eager for a home and was "willing to pay a little unreasonably for it". Irving finally purchased the property on June 7, 1835 for $1,800; he would later, through the years, add to the property to expand the estate.</p><br>
<p>Irving wrote a story, "Wolferts Roost", about Acker and the site. In a letter to his brother Peter, he described it as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." Irving requested that his friend and neighbor, English-born painter George Harvey, become his aesthetic collaborator and foreman in the houses subsequent remodeling and enlargement, and the landscaping of the grounds in Romantic style, which included creating a pond Irving called "The Little Mediterranean", with a waterfall that led to a babbling serpentine brook.</p><br>
<p>The result is a "cottage" that was widely known even at the time, appearing in Harpers Weekly and in guidebooks to the area. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home, and in Irving, Americas first literary star, drew numerous visitors throughout the year, hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irvings neighbor Nathaniel Parker Willis joked, "Could not Sunny-side pay&#39; to be got ready for a boarding-house?"</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Irving accepted a nomination as Ambassador to the Court of Isabella II of Spain. He left Sunnyside in the care of his brother Ebenezer, who lived there with his four grown daughters, who supervised the running of the household. Irving wrote, "The only drawback upon all this is the hard trial of tearing myself away from dear little Sunnyside." He returned to New York on September 19, 1846. Shortly after his return, in 1847, he added to the cottage the "Spanish Tower", influenced by Spanish monastic architecture and the Alhambra in Granada. It added four bedrooms to the house.</p><br>
<p>Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859, at age 76.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Irving family continued to inhabit the cottage until 1945, when Louis Irving sold it to John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who purchased it as part of his efforts in historic preservation. It was restored &ndash; including tearing down a Victorian style northern addition &ndash; and was opened to the public in 1947.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside is now operated as a museum by Historic Hudson Valley, which charges an admission fee. Tours are led by guides in period costume. The museum contains a large collection of Irvings original furnishings and accessories; in particular, all furniture and most accessories in his writers study are original. The study, dining room, parlor, kitchen, as well as most bedrooms, are open to the public and contain much of their original furnishings, or replacements which were owned by the Irving family.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Other sites</h2><br>
<p>There is a partial replica of Sunnyside in the Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum in Bixby, Oklahoma, with a statue of Irving seated on the side porch.</p><br>
<p>A replica of the house stands at Liberty Square at The Walt Disney World Resort&#39;s Magic Kingdom; the building serves as a quick service restaurant.</p><br>
<p>"Pigtown", also known as "Washington Village", is a neighborhood in the Sowebo area of Baltimore, bordered by Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the east, Monroe Street to the west, Russell Street to the south, and West Pratt Street to the north. The neighborhood acquired its name during the second half of the 19th century, when the area was the site of butcher shops and meat packing plants to process pigs transported from the Midwest on the B&O Railroad; they were herded across Ostend and Cross Streets to be slaughtered and processed.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown&#39;s annual festival famously features a pig race, called "The Squeekness", to commemorate its history.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown has long been considered one of Baltimore&#39;s most promising neighborhoods due to its proximity to the I-95 corridor, the University of Maryland Medical Center, Camden Yards, Ravens Stadium, the Inner Harbor, and Downtown Baltimore. New developments on the eastern edge of the neighborhood of luxury townhomes were stalled after the 2008 market crash but eventually resumed and have continued into 2016. Other parts of the neighborhood contain classic Baltimore-style rowhouses, often with 1950s-era formstone facades on brick fronts.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown has a relatively diverse population, which, besides its longtime residents, includes a sizeable graduate student population. Because of its proximity to Interstate 95, the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, and its low housing costs, Pigtown also has a great number of commuters to Washington, D.C and Fort George G. Meade.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where Pigtown is now located was originally part of the Mount Clare plantation, a 2,368-acre estate owned by Dr. Charles Carroll in the 18th century. Carroll built one of Maryland&#39;s first iron foundries on the property, which operated the largest pig iron furnace in the colonies prior to the American Revolution. Dr. Carroll was a cousin of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who signed the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>In 1827, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was founded in Baltimore. Ground was broken on the Mount Clare property in 1828, with the first stone laid by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, at the age of 90. Initially providing service between Baltimore and Ellicott Mills (now Ellicott City, Maryland), the railroad began operating along West Pratt Street on May 22, 1830. The horsedrawn cars of the early B&O Railroad were the nation&#39;s first regular passenger rail.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the first houses to the north and south of the railroad yards began in 1833. A community of railroad workers grew along Columbia Avenue (now Washington Boulevard) in the 1840s, followed by industrial development in the 1850s and 1860s. Slaughter houses located near the railroad yards earned the area its name as Pigtown as workers herded pigs for slaughter and processing to shops and packing plants across the streets from the rail cars.</p><br>
<p>Although official records have identified the neighborhood as Washington Village at various points since the 1970s, it has been consistently labeled as Pigtown since 2006 at the insistence of community groups such as Southwest Community Council, Inc.</p><br>
<h2>Historic landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Pigtown has several historic landmarks, including some national landmarks. Patricks of Pratt Street, which has operated at 934 West Pratt Street for more than 160 years, claims to be "Americas Oldest Irish Pub". The Bayard Station valve house at 1415 Bayard Street, built in 1885 by the Chesapeake Gas Company to distribute coal gas in Baltimore, now serves as home to Housewerks, an architectural salvage store. Pigtown is also home to the historic B&O Railroad Museum, which houses exhibits of historic significance to American railroading and items specific to the Pigtown community.</p><br>
<p>Mount Clare Mansion, a brick Georgian plantation house built in 1763, is the oldest remaining Colonial-era structure in Baltimore. It was purchased by the city government in 1890, along with 70 acres of land, for use as a park. Located at 1500 Washington Boulevard, the former home of Dr. Charles Carroll has been maintained as a museum by the Maryland chapter of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America since 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The blue collar culture of Pigtown began with the individuals who worked on the B&O Railroad and German immigrants who opened butcher shops in the neighborhood. Community organizations have emphasized the importance of the neighborhood&#39;s history and blue collar origin as they rebuffed attempts to rename it Washington Village.</p><br>
<p>Pigtown celebrates its culture yearly during the Pigtown Festival, which features local food, entertainment and “squeakness”, a race featuring pigs. The pig race pays homage to the neighborhood&#39;s beginning with the railroad, railroad workers and German butchers.</p><br>
<h3>Horseshoe pit</h3><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, an empty lot at the corner of Ward and Bayard Streets has served as the community horseshoe pit. Its significance in the community is commemorated by a mural, painted on a building beside the lot, about 15 years after the first horseshoe stakes were planted there. In 2007, the 12-by-60 foot area was sold by the city government to a developer. It was repurchased by the city in 2010, and is now preserved and maintained as the community horseshoe pit by Baltimore Green Space, a local nonprofit organization. The first Annual Horseshoe Tournament at the Pit In Pigtown was held in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Mobtown Ballroom draws a diverse crowd of hundreds of people from surrounding towns and neighborhood to Pigtown for its swing dance, Belly dance, and Lindy Hop lessons.</p><br>
<p>The B&O Railroad Museum forms the northern boundary of Pigtown. It has the largest collection of 19th Century locomotives in the USA</p><br>
<p>Second Chance, Inc. is a 200,000 square foot store that sells reclaimed furniture and materials.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Pigtown is bustling with diversity, in terms of land uses and landscape. Pigtown is one of the many stops on the Gwynn Falls trail connecting more than thirty Baltimore neighborhoods. It is home to the historic Carroll Park that consists of baseball fields, football fields, basketball courts, a skate park, and playgrounds for tots. The area also consists of a multitude of warehouses and industrial life. The community is a mix of old and new, seen through the infrastructure of homes and other local business.</p><br>
<p>In its community statistical area profile for the Pigtown area, the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance reported a population of 5,503 residents in the neighborhood, living in approximately 2,740 homes during 2010. These homes consisted of newly built town homes, older row houses, condominiums and apartments, with an average of 2.4 residents per household. By 2012, neighborhood housing was estimated to have increased to 2,760 homes. Its population mix in 2010 was estimated as 49 percent African American, 39 percent white, 5.3 percent Hispanic and 6.7 percent other, giving the area a 61.2 diversity index, well above the 54.5 citywide index. The majority (59.9 percent) of the areas population was reported in the age range of 25 to 64. Median income of $44,993 was estimated for 2010, but 30.5 percent of the areas households were under $25,000 and 25.3 percent were considered below the poverty line. Its poverty rate was significantly greater than the citywide rate of 17.7 percent.</p><br>
<p>The 50-acre community statistical area measured by the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicator&#39;s Alliance is somewhat larger than Pigtown, including the neighborhoods of Carroll Park and Barre Circle.</p><br>
<p>During 2012, the Pigtown community statistical area experienced an unemployment rate of 12.7 percent, somewhat better than the citywide rate of 13.9 percent for the year.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Eastern portions of Pigtown are within walking distance of Camden Station, served by both the Baltimore Light Rail and the MARC Camden Line. The neighborhood&#39;s proximity to Camden Station, Interstate-95 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, provides residents with access to important regional commuter routes.</p><br>
<p>Route 36 (MTA Maryland) provides the neighborhood with local bus service along Washington Boulevard, on its daily route between Northern Parkway (north) and Lansdowne (south).</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Three elementary schools are located in Pigtown: George Washington Elementary, Charles Carroll Barrister Elementary, and Southwest Baltimore Charter School. There are two middle schools in Pigtown: Mount Claire Christian School and Franklin Middle. No high schools are located in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, 8.87 percent of the children in Pigtown were receiving free or reduced price school lunches, and 15 percent were enrolled in special education programs. The racial composition of Pigtown students was 76.6 percent African-American, 17.2 percent white, and 2.1 percent Hispanic. Thirty-two percent of Pigtowns adult residents had a bachelors degree or higher in 2011, while another 41 percent had at least a high school diploma, but 26 percent had not completed high school.</p><br>
<h2>Crime rate</h2><br>
<p>The overall crime rate in the Pigtown community statistical area (which includes Carroll Park and Barre Circle), at 121.4 per thousand residents for the year of 2012, was markedly higher than the citywide average 61.8 per thousand, reflecting problems associated with poverty. Violent crime in Pigtown was 23.1 per thousand, while the city saw an average of 14.7 per thousand. The city had a property crime rate of 47 per thousand residents in 2012, but the rate in Pigtown hit 98.3. Juvenile arrests were at a rate of 91.7 per thousand in Pigtown, compared to the citywide rate of 79.2 in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Abert Rim in Lake County, Oregon is one of the highest fault scarps in the United States. It rises 760 m above the valley floor, finishing with a 250 m sheer-sided basalt cap. It was formed during the Miocene epoch. At that time basaltic flood lavas covered much of eastern Oregon. In subsequent faulting, great blocks were tilted and Abert Rim is at the western end of one of these blocks, while Lake Abert lies on top of another. Stretching more than 48 km from Lakeview north to Alkali Lake, Abert Rim is also the longest exposed fault scarp in North America.</p><br>
<p>Bighorn sheep were transplanted to the rim in 1975 and 1977 from nearby Hart Mountain, and are often spotted from the Abert Rim geologic point of interest sign located along Highway 395. Raptors, such as the Ferruginous Hawk, are also common in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Chewaucan River enters the lake from the south, however it has no outlet. The lake level varies depending on rainfall and it nearly completely dried up 140 years ago. It is one of the Great Basin lakes.</p><br>
<p>The escarpment and lake were first mapped on December 20, 1843, by John C. Frémont, who named it after Colonel John James Abert, his commanding officer.</p><br>
<p>The southern section of Abert Rim is a popular spot for hang gliding because of the frequent thermals created by warm valley air rising up against the cliffs. The area is considered by many to be the hang gliding capital of the West. National hang gliding festivals are held each year in late June and during the Fourth of July.</p><br>
<p>Lake Abert  is a large, shallow, alkali lake in Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is approximately 15 mi long and 7 mi wide at its widest point. It is located 3 mi northwest of the small, unincorporated community of Valley Falls, Oregon. The lake was named in honor of Colonel John James Abert by explorer John C. Fremont during his 1843 expedition into Central Oregon. No fish live in the alkaline waters of the lake; however, its dense population of brine shrimp supports a variety of shorebirds. The lake is also an important stop on the bird migration route known as the Pacific flyway.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient Lake Chewaucan</h2><br>
<p>The arid land around Lake Abert was once lush. During the Pleistocene epoch, vast areas of south-central Oregon were covered by lakes and wetlands. As the last ice age was ending, rain and runoff from melting snow filled the lowlands throughout this region of the Great Basin, creating an immense freshwater lake called Lake Chewaucan. The lake covered 461 square miles at depths of up to 375 ft.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chewaucan began to dry up at the close of the Pleistocene epoch. As it shrank, salts and alkali were concentrated in its remaining waters, and the result was the formation of Lake Abert and Summer Lake. Today, the two lakes are 20 mi apart and are the only remnants of Lake Chewaucan.</p><br>
<h2>Lake environment</h2><br>
<p>The east side of Lake Abert is bounded by Abert Rim, a steep escarpment that rises over 2,500 ft above the lake surface. The lake is bordered on the west by a long ridge called Coglan Buttes and on the north by the Coleman Hills. The lake&#39;s only year-around source of fresh water comes from the Chewaucan River, which flows into the lake from the south.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Abert drainages area covers 820 square miles. The environment in the Abert drainage basin is semi-arid. Most of the precipitation in the area occurs as snowfall during the winter months, and the Chewaucan River system is fed primarily by seasonal snowmelt. The lake’s only other source of fresh water are summer thundershowers that produce a small amount of runoff from Abert Rim. Because the lake has no outlet, it has developed a high concentrations of sodium carbonates, common salt, and alkali in its water. Crystallized mineral crusts on rocks along the lakeshore can be several inches thick. Some mineral deposits are evident on boulders 300 ft above the present lake surface.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Fish cannot survive in the lake because of the high salinity and alkali content; as a consequence, brine shrimp are abundant. As a result, the lake provides an excellent habitat for a variety of shore birds. It is one of Oregon’s few inland nesting sites for snowy plovers. The lake is also a stop on the Pacific flyway for many migrant bird species. During the annual migrations, it hosts tens of thousands of eared grebes, Wilsons phalaropes, red-necked phalaropes, American avocets, killdeer, and northern shovelers. black terns, Forsters terns, American avocet, white-faced ibis, Clark&#39;s grebes, and black-necked stilts are common during the summer months. Canada geese, snow geese, Ross’ geese and many duck species are also common. Bird counts have recorded over 20,000 ducks at the lake at one time. Over 12,000 ring-billed gulls and California gulls have been counted at the lake as well. Sage grouse and burrowing owls are found near the lake, and bald eagles, ferruginous hawks, and peregrine falcons hunt in the Lake Abert area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first written record of the lake was made by John Work, the leader of a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trapping expedition. Work recorded his party’s visit in his journal on 16 October 1832. In his journal, Work called it Salt Lake. Work’s journal also implies that other trappers may have been to the lake before his expedition.</p><br>
<p>Lake Abert was named by Lieutenant John C. Fremont during his 1843 mapping expedition through central and southern Oregon. Fremont and his Army topographical team were mapping the Oregon Territory from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutters Fort in the Sacramento Valley of California. Fremont named the lake in honor of Colonel John James Abert, who was chief of the Armys Corps of Topographical Engineers. On 20 December 1843, Fremont described the discovery and naming of Lake Abert as follows:</p><br>
<p>In 1986, there was a large wildfire that burned 9,854 acre along the west side of the lake. After the fire, 800 acre along the shoreline were seeded with crested wheatgrass. The remaining acres were left to natural restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Human activity</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Bureau of Land Management is responsible for Lake Abert and the land around it. There is one grazing allotment, that borders the southwest shoreline of the lake, covering 6,886 acre of Bureau of Land Management land. The area is semi-arid with bluebunch wheatgrass, cheatgrass, and big sagebrush as the primary vegetation. A 1997 study showed that the grazing practices on the allotment conformed to Federal and state standards.</p><br>
<p>Because of the lake’s extreme alkalinity, there are no recreational activities that occur on the lake, although kayakers occasionally paddle on the lake. In fact, swimming or extended contact with the lake’s water would be harmful to humans. There are no developed campgrounds at Lake Abert, but the Bureau of Land Management does allow dispersed camping in the area. The only common recreational activity at Lake Abert is bird watching.</p><br>
<p>A small brine shrimp collection enterprise on Lake Abert was begun in 1979. The brine shrimp’s high tolerance for salinity and ability to withstand freezing temperature during the winter make brine shrimp the lake’s only residents. While the brine shrimp harvest from the lake is relatively small, the impact of harvest has never been studied.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Lake Abert is located in Lake County in south-central Oregon. The lake is 30 mi north of Lakeview, Oregon on USA Route 395. The highway runs along the east shore of the lake for approximately 18 mi. There are several interpretive signs at highway turn-offs overlooking the lake. Lake Abert is approximately 130 mi southwest of Burns, Oregon also on Highway 395.</p><br>
<p>Arta  is a city in northwestern Greece, capital of the regional unit of Arta, which is part of Epirus region. The city was known in ancient times as Ambracia . Arta is known for the medieval bridge over the Arachthos River. Arta is also known for its ancient sites from the era of Pyrrhus of Epirus and its well-preserved 13th-century castle. Arta&#39;s Byzantine history is reflected in its many Byzantine churches; perhaps the best known is the Panagia Paregoretissa , built about 1290 by Despot Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas. The city is the seat of the Technological Educational Institute of Epirus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Antiquity</h3><br>
<p>The first settlement in the area of the modern city dates to the 9th century B.C. Ambracia was founded as a Corinthian colony in the 7th century B.C. In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia was given to Pyrrhus, king of the Molossians and of Epirus, who made it his capital, using Ambracia as a base to attack the Romans. Pyrrhus managed to achieve great but costly victories against the Romans, hence the phrase "Pyrrhic victory" which refers in particular to an exchange at the Battle of Asculum. Nevertheless, Pyrrhus found the time and means to adorn his capital with a palace, temples and theatres. In 146 BC, Ambracia became part of the Roman Republic.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>Despite the existence several churches from the 9th and 10th centuries, Arta is first attested only in 1082, when the Normans under Bohemond laid siege to the city. The origin and etymology of the name is uncertain and debated. In the Komnenian period, the city flourished as a commercial centre, with links to Venice, and rose to become a bishopric by 1157. The Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela visited the area in 1165.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 12th century, Arta probably formed a distinct fiscal district (episkepsis) within the wider theme of Nicopolis. After the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade, it is recorded as the pertinentia de Arta in the Partitio Romaniae treaty of 1204, and assigned to Venice.</p><br>
<p>The Venetians did not take control, however, for in 1205 Michael I Komnenos Doukas came to the city, succeeded its previous Byzantine governor, and quickly established a new principality, which is known by historians as the Despotate of Epirus. Arta remained the capital of the new principality for most of its history, and flourished as a result. The city experienced considerable building activity, with the renovation of older churches and the construction of new ones, most notably the Church of the Parigoritissa and the Church of the Kato Panagia; sometime after 1227 it received fortifications; and was the site of regional Church councils in 1213, 1219, and 1225. The 15th-century Chronicle of the Tocco describes it as "the center of a fertile agricultural region with many water buffaloes, cows, and horses", and the city had trade links to Venice—a Venetian consul is attested in 1284 and 1314/19—and Ragusa, exporting dried meat, lard, ham, furs, and indigo. Archaeological finds also attest to a local ceramic industry.</p><br>
<p>After the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259, the city was occupied by the troops of the rival Greek successor state, the Empire of Nicaea, (which restored the Byzantine Empire in 1261) but was soon recovered for Epirus by John I Doukas. Another attack by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1292, by land and sea, was unsuccessful. In 1303, the city was besieged for a month by the Angevins under Charles II of Naples. In 1313, much of the city was destroyed in a great fire. In the next year, Byzantine troops under the pinkernes John attacked Epirus, including Arta.</p><br>
<p>In 1318, the last male-line descendant of Michael I, Thomas I Komnenos Doukas, was assassinated by his nephew, the Count of Cephalonia Nicholas Orsini, and Epirus passed to the Italian Orsini family. Nicholas was in turn murdered in 1323 by his brother John II Orsini. In 1331 Arta, as well as Leucas and other areas, were occupied by Walter VI of Brienne, and John Orsini was forced to accept Angevin suzerainty. John&#39;s death in 1335 left Epirus in the weak hands of the young Nikephoros II Orsini and his mother Anna Palaiologina, and the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos availed himself of the opportunity to occupy and annex Epirus.</p><br>
<p>Byzantine rule was unpopular, and in 1339 a revolt broke out, with Arta joining it, under a certain Nicholas Basilitzes. Andronikos III and his commander-in-chief, John Kantakouzenos, campaigned in person in Epirus and captured the rebel fortresses one by one, either by siege or through negotiations. By the end of 1340, Byzantine rule was restored, and John Angelos took his seat as imperial governor in Arta.</p><br>
<p>Aided by the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 and an outbreak of the Black Death that devastated the region, Arta with the rest of Epirus fell under the rule of the Serbian king Stefan Dushan in autumn 1347. Dushans half-brother Simeon Uroš, who married John II Orsinis daughter Thomais Orsini, was appointed governor of Epirus. The city remained part of the new Serbian Empire until Dushan&#39;s death in 1355. Nikephoros II Orsini recovered Epirus in 1356/7, but his death in the Battle of Achelous against the Albanian tribes that had invaded the region, meant that Arta returned to the (rather nominal) rule of Simeon Uroš, who preferred to reside in Thessaly rather than Epirus. This left Epirus open to increasing Albanian migration, who soon captured most of Epirus, except for Ioannina. In 1367 or shortly after, Arta too was captured, and became the centre of the "Despotate of Arta", until 1374 under Peter Losha and then John Bua Spata. The Albanian rulers managed to withstand attacks by the Angevins (sometime between 1374 and 1384), as well as by the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Juan Fernández de Heredia in 1378, but in 1384 the city was plundered by the Ottoman Turks.</p><br>
<p>From 1401/02, Carlo I Tocco, the ambitious Count of Cephalonia, began launching attacks on Arta, taking advantage of the Albanians infighting. Despite the Albanians calling on Ottoman aid, in 1416 Tocco captured Arta after a long siege. Having taken control of Ioannina in 1411, Tocco thus reunited the core of the old Epirote realm, and received recognition from both the Ottomans and the Byzantine emperor. After Carlo I&#39;s death in 1429, he was succeeded by his nephew Carlo II Tocco. In 1449, the city fell to the Ottomans.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman period and Independence</h3><br>
<p>Under Ottoman rule, the town was called in Turkish Narda. It was occupied by Venetians in 1717 and the French in 1797, but the Ottomans retook it in 1799. Several battles took place near the city during the Greek War of Independence. The city was finally annexed to the Greek Kingdom in 1881 by the Convention of Constantinople.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<h3>Classical</h3><br>
<p>The modern city is on the site of ancient Ambracia. Remains of the classic era include the ancient walls, the ruins of an ancient temple of Apollo, a small theatre, and remnants of the southwest cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine</h3><br>
<p>The town&#39;s fortifications were built by Michael I Komnenos Doukas in the early 13th century, but their present form is largely post-Byzantine. Secular architecture from the Byzantine period, including the palace of the Despots of Epirus, has vanished completely, but the city preserves numerous churches.</p><br>
<p>The most important Byzantine church is the cathedral Church of the Paregoretissa, built ca. 1290 by Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas and his wife Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene. Other important churches of the late Byzantine period are the Church of the Kato Panagia, built by Nikephoros Is father Michael II Komnenos Doukas, and the Monastery of Saint Theodora, housing the tomb of the citys patron, Theodora of Arta. Several other churches dating to the 9th and 10th centuries also survive in and around the city: Saint Basil of the Bridge, Saint Demetrios of Katsoures in Plisioi, the Panagia Blacherna monastery, the Panagia Vryoni in Neochoraki, the Red Church in Vourgareli, the Panagia of Koronisia in Koronisia and the Church of the Pantanassa in Filippiada.</p><br>
<h3>Museums</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological Museum of Arta</p><br>
<p>Church of the Paregoretissa</p><br>
<p>Folk museum Skoufas</p><br>
<p>Historical museum Skoufas</p><br>
<p>Private folk museum in Kypseli.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological museum of Koronisia</p><br>
<h2>Technological Educational Institute of Epirus</h2><br>
<p>The Technological Educational Institute of Epirus (T.E.I.) has a main campus and its administration seat in Arta and has branch campuses in the three other main cities of Epirus, Ioannina, Igoumenitsa and Preveza. It has four (4) Faculties and thirteen (13) Departments.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Arta is located NNW of Antirrio, Messolongi and Agrinio, NE of Preveza, SSE of Ioannina and nearly SW of Trikala.</p><br>
<p>Regular bus lines connect Arta with all bigger Greek cities.</p><br>
<p>(bus to Athens departs several times a day and trip takes about 5 hours)</p><br>
<p>The city is linked with the GR-5 (Antirrio - Ioannina) and the GR-30 which links with Peta and Trikala.</p><br>
<p>The Arachthos River flows to the west with its reservoir lying directly to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The present municipality Arta was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units (constituent communities in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Amvrakikos (Aneza, Vigla, Gavria, Kalogeriko, Koronisia, Polydroso, Rachi, Strongyli, Psathotopi)</p><br>
<p>Arta (Arta, Keramates, Kostakioi, Limini)</p><br>
<p>Filothei (Agios Spyridon, Kalamia, Kalovatos, Kirkizates, Rokka, Chalkiades)</p><br>
<p>Vlacherna (Vlacherna, Grammenitsa, Grimpovo, Korfovouni)</p><br>
<p>Xirovouni (Ammotopos, Dafnoti, Kampi, Pantanassa, Pistiana, Rodavgi, Skoupa, Faneromeni)</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 457.248 km, the municipal unit 47.493 km.</p><br>
<h3>Quarters of Arta</h3><br>
<p>Agia Triada</p><br>
<p>Agioi Anargyroi</p><br>
<p>Agios Georgios Glykorrizou</p><br>
<p>Eleousa</p><br>
<p>Glykorrizo</p><br>
<p>Kato Panagia Artas</p><br>
<p>Marathovouni</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient</h3><br>
<p>Pyrrhus (318 BC-272 BC), general and king of Epirus</p><br>
<p>Epicrates of Ambracia (4th century BC), comic poet</p><br>
<p>Silanus of Ambracia (5th century BC), soothsayer in Xenophon&#39;s Anabasis</p><br>
<p>Epigonus of Ambracia (6th-5th BC), musician</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine</h3><br>
<p>Michael I Komnenos Doukas, founder and first ruler of the principality of Epirus from 1205 until his death in 1215.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Komnenos Doukas, (died c. 1253), ruler of Epirus from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica from 1224 to 1230.</p><br>
<p>Theodora Petraliphaina, canonized as Saint Theodora of Arta; (ca. 1225 – after 1270), consort of Epirus and Orthodox Christian saint.</p><br>
<p>Michael II Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus from 1230 until his death in 1266/68.</p><br>
<p>Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas, (c. 1240 &ndash; c. 1297) ruler of Epirus from 1267/8 to c. 1297.</p><br>
<p>Thomas I Komnenos Doukas,(c. 1285&ndash;1318) ruler of Epirus from c. 1297 until his death in 1318.</p><br>
<h3>Modern</h3><br>
<p>Maximus the Greek (1475–1556), monk, publicist, writer, scholar, humanist and translator</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Skoufas (1779–1818), member of the Filiki Eteria</p><br>
<p>Georgios Karaiskakis (1780–1827),hero of the Greek War of Independence</p><br>
<p>Theodoros Tzinis (1798–1869), fighter of the Greek War of Independence</p><br>
<p>Azmi Ömer Akalın, Wāli of Bursa.</p><br>
<p>Hoca Ishak Efendi (1774–1835), Ottoman engineer and translator</p><br>
<p>Napoleon Zervas (1891–1957), WWII general and resistance leader</p><br>
<p>Konstantinos Karapanos (1840–1911),political and archaeologist</p><br>
<p>Alexandros Karapanos (1873–1946), politician and diplomat</p><br>
<p>Yiannis Moralis (1916), painter</p><br>
<p>Antonios Nikopolidis (1971), footballer</p><br>
<h2>Professional sports</h2><br>
<p>Handball</p><br>
<p>https://web.archive.org/web/20070514042114/http://www.anagenisi-artas.gr/</p><br>
<p>Basketball</p><br>
<p>Pyrros Artas</p><br>
<p>Football</p><br>
<p>http://www.anagenisiartas.gr</p><br>
<p>https://web.archive.org/web/20061205033543/http://doxa-artas.gr/</p><br>
<p>Volleyball</p><br>
<p>http://www.anagenisi-artas.gr/volley</p><br>
<p>http://www.filia.gr/</p><br>
<p>The Peter Tufts House  is a Colonial American house located at 350 Riverside Avenue  in Medford, Massachusetts. It is currently thought to have been built between 1677–1678. Past historians considered it to be the oldest brick house in the United States, although that distinction belongs to Bacon&#39;s Castle, the 1665 plantation home of Virginian Arthur Allen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house has been called the "fort" and the "garrison house" because of its thick walls and portholes. For many years it was believed that the house was built by Mathew Cradock, one of 35 founding members of the Massachusetts Bay Company. He reputedly owned the first wooden toll bridge in America (1632), but Cradock only owned the land and never even visited America. In 1677, Richard Russell of Charlestown sold the land with "one dwelling house and barn" to Peter Tufts of Charlestown, although a prior agreement may have been made, with Tufts Sr. likely already settled on the land.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built by Peter Tufts, who sold it to his son, Peter (Captain) Tufts Jr. in 1680. The brick mason was William Bucknam, brought over in 1632 from Chelsea, England to build the house. It is the son for whom the house is named. In 1728, the eastern side of the property was sold to Edward Oakes of Malden.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, Samuel Lawrence saved the house from demolition when he purchased it as a wedding gift for his daughter. The interior was remodeled at this time in the Colonial Revival style. Only the support beams and parts of the staircase were kept intact from the original period. Much of the exterior remains original, except the front porch was added between 1889–1900.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, when the City of Medford was incorporated, an image of the house was used in its city seal. The house was purchased for $9,700 by William Sumner Appleton with donations. He offered it to the Medford Historical Society, but they said they were unable to care for it at that time. In 1930, ownership was transferred to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England). In 1982, it was purchased by the Medford Historical Society, which now maintains the property.</p><br>
<p>Charles Tufts (1781–1876), a descendant of Peter Tufts Sr., would later donate land in Medford for the campus of Tufts University.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Lake, previously called Clair Engle Lake, is an artificial lake on the Trinity River formed by the Trinity Dam and located in Trinity County, California. The dam was built by the USA Bureau of Reclamation. The lakes capacity is 2,447,650 acre.ft, making it one of the largest reservoirs in California. The lakes surface is at 2,370 ft above MSL. Trinity Lake captures and stores water for the Central Valley Project, which provides the Central Valley with water for irrigation and produces hydroelectric power. This lake is known for its many small arms, glassy inlets, and great water-skiing conditions.</p><br>
<p>After the death in office of California United States Senator Clair Engle in 1964, the lake was renamed after him; however, the name change never received wide popularity, especially with locals, and the name was eventually returned to its frequently known original name.</p><br>
<p>The lake is serviced by three marinas: Trinity Alps Marina located on the southern end in view of the Dam; Cedar Stock marina on the Stuart Fork arm on the west end of the lake; and Trinity Center marina at the northern end of the main arm of the lake. Most of the marinas rent houseboats to vacationers year round. Most marinas on the lake are now owned and operated by Forever Resorts, with the only exception being the Trinity Alps Marina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Lake is located northwest of Redding, California, off of Highway 299 north of the Gold Rush mining town of Weaverville. The Alpine scenery surrounding the lake makes up the Trinity Alps. The Alps were formed in the late Jurassic Period by volcanic activity in the form of ultramafic and granitic plutons (igneous rock formed from super-heated magma cooling under the surface of the earth), and tectonic activity (the super continent of Pangaea was beginning to pull apart into two separate super-sized continents) and glaciation during frigid climate periods known as ice ages (land surface modified by action of glaciers). The last remaining glaciers are on Thompson’s peak, at more than 9,000 feet. The lake bed was originally a series of deep valleys in the Alps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Discovery of Gold in 1848 prompted hundreds of miners to move into the area. Towns like Weaverville were born practically overnight. In 1958, a plan to divert water from Trinity River to California’s Central Valley led to the construction of Trinity Dam and the creation of Trinity Lake. This project was also designed to provide hydroelectric power to the local area. The Trinity River Division of the Central Valley Project came to fruition in 1961 with the completion of Trinity Dam. The lake was renamed Clair Engle Lake from 1964 to 1997. It was eventually renamed Trinity Lake. The lake was completely filled with water from the Trinity River by 1963 and is the third largest lake in California with 145 miles of shoreline. The area is known to have been inhabited by several Native American tribes, most notably the Yurok and Hoopa. Both tribes have reservation lands in the area to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Lake is less used by vacationers than the lower Lake Shasta due in part to the lengthy winding road up from the valley floor. Typical drive time from Redding (Interstate 5) to the lake is about 90 minutes along a winding mountain road. This makes it a destination spot for fishing and water sports. Popular fishing includes that of smallmouth and largemouth Bass, catfish, kokanee, rainbow and brown trout. Fish remain ample, despite the negative impact that the dams have had on spawning ground in part due to the Trinity River Fish Hatchery, located just below Lewiston Dam. In addition to fishing, house boating, speed boating, and waterskiing are also popular lake activities. Surrounding the lake, visitors enjoy hiking and camping in the pristine wilderness of the Trinity Alps and the Shasta-Trinity National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>There has been a dramatic decline in various fish species in the river since the dams were built and the lake created. Spawning steelhead, Chinook and Coho Salmon populations have all been affected by their loss of spawning ground. However, wildlife populations surrounding the lake remain strong. Black bears are common, and so proper precautions must be taken to secure campsites, throw away garbage and store food safely. Additional wildlife includes bobcats, mountain lions and many different bird species. The lake contains land-locked populations of Kokanee Salmon and King Salmon, along with more typical California lake species such as largemouth and smallmouth bass, rainbow trout and catfish.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Royall House is a historic house located at 15 George Street, Medford, Massachusetts. It is a National Historic Landmark, operated as a non-profit museum, and open for public visits between June 1 and the last weekend in October.</p><br>
<p>The Royall House is notable for its excellent preservation, its possession of the only surviving slave quarters in Massachusetts, and its American Revolution associations with General John Stark, Molly Stark, and General George Washington. Among the historic objects on display is a tea box, said to be from the same batch that was dumped into Boston Harbor on the night of December 16, 1773, and a very small painting by John Singleton Copley of Isaac Royall, Jr.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Governor John Winthrop built a house on the site about 1637. Around 1692, that house was replaced with a more imposing brick structure standing 2½ stories high and one room in depth, with exceedingly thick walls. On December 26, 1732, Isaac Royall, Sr., a slave trader, rum distiller, and wealthy merchant of Antigua, purchased the house and 504 acres (2 km²) of land along the west bank of the Mystic River in what was then Charlestown, an area annexed to Medford in 1754. He remodeled the house extensively between 1733 and 1737, adding a third story, encasing the east facade in clapboard, and ornamenting the exterior with architectural details and continuous strips of spandrel panels. Royall also constructed outbuildings in 1732, including the only known slave quarters that survive in New England. After this construction, Royall brought 27 enslaved Africans from Antigua, which doubled the enslaved population of the community.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Royall, Jr. (1719–1781) came into its possession of the property in 1739 following the death of his father. He greatly enlarged it between 1747 and 1750. He more than doubled the depth of the main building, greatly extended the brick end walls correspondingly, and at either end of the house constructed great twin chimneys connected by parapets. Other features he added include the false ashlar siding on the new western facade and great Doric pilasters inserted at the corners. The interior was redone in Georgian wooden paneling, trim, and archways of a quality possibly unsurpassed by any surviving house of the period. Several of the major rooms that survive are original.</p><br>
<p>A painting of Mary and Elizabeth Royall, the teenage daughters of Isaac Royall, Jr., executed by John Singleton Copley about 1758, is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. A reproduction hangs in the Royall House. Copley also painted their father&#39;s portrait about 1769. An earlier family portrait from 1740 is in the Special Collections Department, Harvard Law School Library.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, the Royall family were British Loyalists, and as the British soldiers marched to the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the Royalls left Medford and boarded a ship in Boston. They sailed to Halifax, Nova Scotia and then to England. Isaac Royall never returned to Medford.</p><br>
<p>After the Royalls flight, the Massachusetts General Court confiscated the estate. General John Stark made the Royall House his headquarters before the evacuation of Boston by the British on March 17, 1776. The mansion was used during the early months of the Revolution by Generals Lee, Stark, and Sullivan. George Washington, according to legend, interrogated two British soldiers in the houses Marble Chamber. Molly Stark is said to have watched the movements of the British troops in their camp by the river from a lookout on the roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1806, the estate was returned to Isaac Royalls heirs, who sold it. In accordance with Isaac Royalls will, a portion of his estate was donated to Harvard University and used to found Harvard Law School.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1898, the Sarah Bradlee Fulton Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution conceived the idea of preserving the Royall House "for the sake of its history and aesthetic value." On Patriots Day in 1898, they opened the house to the public for a Loan Exhibition of colonial furnishings and valuable relics.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, this group of women recruited a wider group of "patriotic men and women" and formed the Royall House Association. The group&#39;s initial mission was to raise US$10,000 to purchase the house, the slave quarters and three-quarters of an acre of surrounding land to be maintained as a museum, which they accomplished by April 1908.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the Royall House has undergone a number of interior and exterior restorations to its buildings and site. In 1960, the Royall House was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>North Mountain is a peak in the Catskill Mountains of New York, on the border between the towns of Catskill and Hunter, in Greene County. It is part of the Catskill Escarpment.</p><br>
<p>It overlooks the North-South Lake State Campground, an area where resort hotels such as the Catskill Mountain House were once located, and thus has long been a popular climb with hikers. It can be reached by several trails from the campground area, all of which eventually lead to the Escarpment Trail, which crosses the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Long Path, a 350 mi long-distance hiking trail from New York City to Albany, is contiguous with the Escarpment Trail.</p><br>
<p>Most hikers stop, at least for a while, at North Point, an area of many open ledges located at 2,900 ft, along the trail about a half-mile (800 m) below the summit. The views of the lakes, other mountains such as Kaaterskill High Peak and the Hudson River and its valley are expansive. They were sometimes the subject of paintings by members of the Hudson River School.</p><br>
<p>The summit is also one of the lowest in elevation in the Catskills to feature a boreal forest of red spruce and balsam fir.</p><br>
<p>Samarai is an island and former administrative capital in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>The island is historically significant as the site of a trading port and stop-over between Australia and East Asia. Samarai town was established on the island and at its height was the second largest after Port Moresby in the Territory of Papua.</p><br>
<p>The town of Samarai was ordered to be destroyed by the British during World War II, fearing Japanese occupation. Although rebuilt after the war, and functioning as provincial headquarters until 1968, economic changes meant that Samarai did not fully regain its regional status and it has since largely fallen into disrepair. The island was declared a National Historical Heritage Island by the government of Papua New Guinea in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Located off the south-eastern tip of New Guinea in the China Strait Samarai has an area of just 285,000 m&sup2; or 29 hectares. At the census of population 2014, the island had a population of 460, making it one of the most densely populated islands in the area.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of the Samarai Islands of the Louisiade Archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Settlement</h3><br>
<p>The island was discovered by Captain John Moresby whilst commanding HMS Basilisk in 1873. Moresby originally called the island Dinner Island, after having a meal on it. Five years later in 1878 the Rev. S. MacFarlane of the London Missionary Society established a mission station on the island. A government officer was posted to the island after a protectorate had been declared over British New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 a trader and sixty Papuans established a beach front store for passing ships. In the early years a large malarious swamp caused health problems for Samarai, but this was improved after 1898 when it was filled in. After the annexation of British New Guinea in 1888, Samarai became the headquarters of an administrative district. A court was subsequently established and a magistrate posted.</p><br>
<p>By the 20th century the island was a bustling cosmopolitan port town, administrative centre and major commercial centre. It was noted for its size and attractive appearance. In 1902 the value of goods exported from Samarai was three times the value of those exported from Port Moresby. By 1907 there were three pubs, the seat of a bishop, a rectory, church, three stores, government buildings, hospitals and private residences. Electric power was provided by 1927 and street lighting was installed.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and World War II</h3><br>
<p>By the 1920s the town had declined in importance and by the 1940s 70 percent of goods were now exported from Port Moresby, although Samarai was still significant in the trade of copra. In 1940 Sir Hubert Murray, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Territory of Papua, travelled to Samarai, after falling ill, and subsequently died on the island.</p><br>
<p>After the outbreak of World War II and with the Japanese advance into the Pacific the Australian Government ordered the evacuation of Samarai in January 1942 and later in the year it was destroyed to stop the wharves and buildings falling under Japanese control. In July 1943 a detachment of US Navy Seabees established a small seaplane base on the island. Despite a lack of materials the base including a 50 ft ramp and hangar was constructed in 42 days.</p><br>
<p>Although Samarai was reestablished after the war, it never returned to its former size or influence and in 1968 the provincial capital for Milne Bay was moved to Alotau. Today the island is mostly isolated and little belies its former past. In 2006 the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, Sir Michael Somare, declared the island a National Historical Heritage Island, and vowed to "restore basic services and refurbish its monuments and buildings as a tourist attraction".</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island is split between 2 Wards: Samarai South, and Samarai North. both belong to Bwanabwana Rural Local Level Government Area LLG, Samarai-Murua District, which are in Milne Bay Province.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The population of 458 at the last census shows a steady decline.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Samarai is famous for having 2 species of bats:</p><br>
<p>Lesser Papuan pipistrelle</p><br>
<p>Watts&#39;s pipistrelle</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is a Port on the island, which was renovated in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Grandfathers House, also known as the Paul Curtis House, is a historic house at 114 South Street in Medford, Massachusetts. It is claimed to be the original house named in the American poem "Over the River and through the Wood" by Lydia Maria Child. </p><br>
<p>The house, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, is also noteworthy for being the best preserved example of Greek Revival architecture in Medford, and for its association with Paul Curtis, a prominent local shipbuilder.</p><br>
<p>The rear portion of the modern house was built as a small farmhouse in the early 19th century. Child recalled the farmhouse when she wrote of her childhood visits to her grandfather&#39;s house in her poem, published in 1844. The house is located near the Mystic River, which is believed to be the river referred to in the poem. The referenced woods have long since been replaced by residential housing.</p><br>
<p>About 1839, Curtis greatly enlarged the house and gave it its two-story Ionic portico. In 1975, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1976, Tufts University purchased and restored the house. In 2013 the house was sold to a developer who divided the lot the house sits on in order to build a duplex next door. In 2014 the house was again sold without its former yard to a private individual.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, ships were built across the street. A painting hung in the house shows a ship being built, with the house across the river, and Ballou Hall (the original Tufts building) on top of the hill in the distance, with no other development in between.</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountain Ridge, Blue Mountain, or the Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania is part of the geophysical makeup of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians in the USA state of Pennsylvania. It is a ridge that forms the southern and eastern edge of the Appalachian mountain range spanning over 255 mi from the Delaware Water Gap as it cuts across the eastern half of the state on a slight diagonal from New Jersey tending southerly until it turns southerly curving into Maryland, and beyond.</p><br>
<p>Some distant view of The Blue Mountain dominates the southern tier of most eastern and central Pennsylvanian counties providing an ever visible backdrop cutting across the northern or western horizon. Most transport corridors and road beds piercing the barrier necessarily descend through either large water gaps (West to east: Susquehanna, Schuylkill, Lehigh and Delaware River valleys) or wind gaps their smaller tributary gaps cut by creeks, brooks, and lesser rivers. The descent into the southern lowlands are ramplike and before southbound travelers oft lays a scenic panorama spread from horizon to horizon. The barrier ridge forms a distinct boundary between a number of Pennsylvania&#39;s geographical and cultural regions.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the Susquehanna Gap in the south-central part of the state are the Cumberland Valley tucked in the area above the water gap as if trying to flow through with the river; to its northwest side are the southern reaches of the Susquehanna Valley with picturesque streams channeling travel corridors deep into and over the central and western mountains and valleys &mdash; the heartland interior counties of Pennsylvania; along the Main Branch Susquehanna, the valleys also lead into northeast Pennsylvania, into the "Northern Coal Region," of the Wyoming Valley and the distant Poconos. To the Blue Mountain Ridge&#39;s center, on the southern side lies the "capital region," about Harrisburg and nearby communities, the rich farming country of the Lebanon Valley, and Pennsylvania Dutch Country of York and Lancaster Counties, the lower half of the Lehigh Valley and the lower Delaware Valley; the latter two extend through water gaps beyond the ridgeline.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The ridge of Blue Mountain runs for 150 mi through Pennsylvania, reaching an elevation of 2,270 ft above sea level just north of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, near the borough of Newburg. Most of the ridgecrest, however, only reaches between 1,400 ft and 1,700 ft in elevation. The mountain&#39;s width varies from 1 mi to 3 mi.</p><br>
<p>The southwestern end of the mountain is at Big Gap, west of Shippensburg. (The mountain ridge continues to the southwest towards Maryland under the name of Broad Mountain.) The northeastern end of the mountain is at the Delaware Water Gap on the New Jersey border. Mount Minsi forms the promontory overlooking the Delaware River. The ridge of Blue Mountain continues northeast into New Jersey as Kittatinny Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountain marks the boundary between the Great Appalachian Valley and the main Ridge-and-valley Appalachians.</p><br>
<h2>Water gaps</h2><br>
<p>Four of Pennsylvania&#39;s major rivers cut through Blue Mountain in water gaps.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware River, which forms Pennsylvania&#39;s eastern border with New Jersey, passes through the ridge just southeast of Stroudsburg.</p><br>
<p>The Lehigh River, which feeds the Delaware at Easton, passes through the ridge near Palmerton.</p><br>
<p>The Schuylkill River, which feeds the Delaware at Philadelphia, passes through the ridge just north of Hamburg.</p><br>
<p>The Susquehanna River, which feeds the Chesapeake Bay, passes through the ridge just north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania&#39;s capital.</p><br>
<h2>The Pennsylvania Turnpike</h2><br>
<p>The Blue Mountain Tunnel carries the Turnpike&#39;s east-west mainline (Interstate 76) through the ridge in northern Franklin County. The Kittatinny Mountain Tunnel bores through a parallel ridge of the same mountain just to the west, with the two tunnel portals only 0.2 mi apart.</p><br>
<p>The Lehigh Tunnel, so named to avoid confusion with the former, carries the Turnpike&#39;s north-south Northeast Extension (Interstate 476) through the ridge between Lehigh and Carbon Counties.</p><br>
<p>Both tunnels (each consisting of two tubes) carry two lanes in each direction of travel.</p><br>
<h2>Blue Mountain attractions in Pennsylvania</h2><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail is concurrent with the top of the ridge from New Jersey to northern Lebanon County.</p><br>
<p>Hawk Mountain Sanctuary is located at the very northern edge of Berks County.</p><br>
<p>Hawk Mountain Ranger School, located just south of the Sanctuary, trains Civil Air Patrol members for Search and Rescue.</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountain Ski Area is found on the north face of the ridge in the southeastern corner of Carbon County.</p><br>
<p>Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area reaches across Northampton, Monroe, and Pike Counties and into New Jersey, mostly to the northwest of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Boyd Big Tree Preserve Conservation Area in Dauphin County</p><br>
<p>Blue Mountain School District is named after the mountain range. It is located just off Rt. 61 in Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Széchenyi Medicinal Bath in Budapest  is the largest medicinal bath in Europe. Its water is supplied by two thermal springs, their temperature is 74 &deg;C and 77 &deg;C, respectively.</p><br>
<p>Components of the thermal water include sulphate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and a significant amount of fluoride acid and metaboric acid. Medical indications are on degenerative joint illnesses, chronic and sub-acute joint inflammations, as well as orthopaedic and traumatological post-treatments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In planning since the 1880s, the bath had originally been referred to as the Artesian spa (Artézi fürdő), but when it opened on 16 June 1913, it was officially named Széchenyi spa (Széchenyi gyógyfürdő) after István Széchenyi.</p><br>
<p>The bath, located in the City Park, was built in Neo-baroque style to the design of Győző Czigler. Construction began on 7 May 1909 with designs by architect Eugene Schmitterer. The pool construction cost approximately 3.9 million Austro-Hungarian korona. The built-up area was 6,220 m&sup2;. The attendance of spa was in excess of 200,000 people in 1913. This number increased to 890,507 by 1919. At that time it had private baths, separate men and women steam-bath sections, and different men / women "public baths". The complex was expanded in 1927 to its current size, with 3 outdoor and 15 indoor pools. It is now possible for both sexes to visit the main swimming and thermal sections.</p><br>
<p>After the expansion, the thermal artesian well could not supply the larger volume of water needed, so a new well was drilled. The second thermal spring was found in 1938 at a depth of 1,256 m, with a temperature of 77 &deg;C. It supplies 6,000,000 l of hot water daily. Between 1999 and 2009 the full reformation of the Széchenyi thermal bath took place within the confines of a blanket reconstruction.</p><br>
<h2>Units</h2><br>
<p>In the baths there are pools of varying temperature. The outdoor pools (swimming pool, adventure pool and thermal sitting pool) are 27 to 38 C. The swimming pools depth is 0.8 to 1.7 m. The adventure pools depth is 0.8 m. Guests can use the water streaming, whirlpool and massaging water beamand. The indoor pools are of varying temperatures, between 18 to 38 C. The complex also includes saunas and steam. Massage services are available.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>It can be reached by public transport, metro line 1 (yellow line) from Vörösmarty square.(It is also a station of the yellow M1 (Millennium Underground) line of the Budapest Metro) or the trolleybus 72. From downtown, the bath is a few hundred metres beyond Heroes&#39; Square.</p><br>
